ALPHA - LIPONSÄURE

Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Lykkesfeldt J, et al. (R)-alpha-lipoic acid-supplemented old rats have improved mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative damage, and increased metabolic rate. FASEB J. 1999; 13:411-418.

Lykkesfeldt J, Hagen TM, Vinarsky V, Ames BN. Age-associated decline in ascorbic and concentration, recycling and biosynthesis in rat hepatocytes-reversal with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. FASEB J. 1998; 12:1183-1189.

Marangon K, Devaraj S, Tirosh O, et al. Comparison of the effect of alpha-lipoic acid and alpha-tocopherol supplementation on measures of oxidative stress. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 27:1114-1121.

Natrej CV, Gandhi VM, Melon KKG. Lipoic acid and diabetes: effect of dihydrolipoic acid administration in diabetic rats and rabbits. J Biosci 1984; 6:37-46.

Nickander KK, McPhee BR, Low PA, Tritschler H. Alpha-lipoic acid: antioxidant potency against lipid peroxidation of neural tissues in vitro and implications for diabetic neuropathy. Free Rad Biol Med. 1996; 21:631-639.

Ohmori H, Yamauchi T, Yamamoto I. Augmentation of the antibody response by lipoic acid in mice II. Restoration of the antibody response in immunosuppressed mice. Japan J Pharmacol 1986; 42:275-280.

Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Rad Biol Med. 1997; 22:359-378.

Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler, HJ. Alpha-lipoic as a biological antioxidant. Free Rad Biol Med. 1995; 19:227-250.

Reed LJ. The chemistry and function of lipoic acids. Adv Enzymol. 1957; 18:319-347.

Sachse G, Willms B. Efficacy of throctic acid in the therapy of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Horm Metab Res Suppl. 1980; 9:105-107.

Tirosh O, Sen CK, Roy S, et al. Neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid and its positively charged amide analogue. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 26:1418-1426.

Wagh SS, Natraj CV, Menon KKG. Mode of action of lipoic acid in diabetes. J Biosci. 1987; 11:59-74.

Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A three-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN study). Diabetologia. 1995; 38:1425-1433.

Zimmer G, Beikler TK, Schneider M, et al. Dose/response curves of lipoic acid R- and S- forms in the working rat heart during reoxygenation: superiority of the R-entantiomer in the enhancement of aortic flow. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1995; 27:1895-1903

BCAA - Leucin, Isoleucin, Valin

Abeta S, Inoue N, Matsui H, Yoshino Y. [Effect of branched-chain amino acids on glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat cerebral neurons.] [Article in Japanese.] Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1995; 35:420-423.

Austic RE, Su C-L, Strupp BJ, Levitsky DA. Effects of dietary mixtures of amino acids on fetal growth and maternal and fetal amino acid pools in experimental maternal phenylketonuria. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69:687-696.

Bastone A, Michel. A, Beghi E, Salmona M. The imbalance of brain large-chain amino acid availability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients treated with high doses of branched-chain amino acids. Neurochem Int. 1995; 27:467-472.

Berry HK, Brunner RL, Hunt MM, White PP. Valine, isoleucine and leucine. A new treatment for phenylketonuria. Am J Dis Child. 1990; 144:539-543.

Fabbri A, Magrini N, Bianchi G, et al. Overview of randomized clinical trials of oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1996; 20:159-164.

MacLean DA, Graham TE, Saltin B. Stimulation of muscle ammonia production during exercise following branched-chain amino acid supplementation in humans. J Physiol (Lond). 1996; 493(Pt3):909-922.

Maddrey WC. Branched chain amino acid therapy in liver disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 1985; 4:639-650.

Madsen K, Maclean DA, Kiens B, Christensen D. Effects of glucose, glucose plus branched-chain amino acids, or placebo on bike performance over 100km. J Appl Physiol. 1996; 81:2644-2650.

Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Rossi B, et al. Nutritional treatment with branched-chain amino acids in advanced liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol. 2000; 35 Suppl 12:7-12.

Marchesini G, Zoli M, Dondi C, et al. Anticatabolic effect of branched-chain amino acid-enriched solutions with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1982; 2:420-425.

Pelosi G, Proietti R, Magalini SI, et al. Anticatabolic properties of branched chain amino acids in trauma. Resuscitation. 1983; 10:153-158.

Plaitakis A, Smith J, Mandeli J, Yahr MD. Pilot trial of branched-chain amino acids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet. 1988; 1(8593):1015-1018.

Richardson MA, Bevans ML, Weber JB, et al. Branched chain amino acids decrease tardive dyskinesia symptoms. Psychopharmacol. 1999; 143:358-364.

Suryawan A, Hawes JW, Harris RA, et al. A molecular model of human branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 68:72-81.

Tandan R, Bromberg MB, Forshew D, et al. A controlled trial of amino acid therapy in amyotropic lateral sclerosis: I. Clinical, functional, and maximum isometric torque data. Neurology. 1996; 47 -1226.

Testa D, Caraceni T, Fetoni V. Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol. 1989; 236:445-447.

The Italian ALS Study Group. Branched-chain amino acids and amyotrophic sclerosis: a treatment failure? Neurology. 1993; 43:2466-2470.

BETA KAROTIN

Albanes D. Beta-carotene and lung cancer: a case study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69:1345S-1350S.

Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88:1560-1570.

Bendich A. Beta-carotene and the immune response. Proc Nutr Soc. 1991; 50:263-274.

Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 15:1483-1492.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.

Frieling UM, Schaumberg DA, Kupper TS, et al. A randomized, 12 year primary-prevention trial of beta carotene supplementation for nonmelanoma skin cancer in the Physicians' Health Study. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136:179-184.

Garewal HS, Katz RV, Meyskens F, et al. Beta-carotene produces sustained remissions in patients with oral leukoplakia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999; 125:1305-1310.

Gaziano JM. Antioxidants in cardiovascular disease: randomized trials. Nutr Rev. 1996; 54:175-177.

Goodman GE. Prevention of lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2000; 33:187-197.

Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:1145-1149.

Hughes DA, Wright AJ, Finglas PM, et al. The effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the immune function of blood monocytes from healthy male nonsmokers. J Lab Clin Med. 1997; 129:309-317.

Lee I-M, Cook NR, Manson JE, et al. Beta-carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease: The Women's Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91:2102-2106.

Liu S, Ajani U, Chae C, et al. Long-term beta-carotene supplementation and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999; 282:1073-1075.

Liu Q, Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Sugawara K. Antioxidant activities of natural 9-cis and synthetic all-trans beta-carotene assessed by human neutrophil chemiluminescence. Nutr Res. 2000; 20:5-14.

Naves MMV, Moreno FS. Beta-carotene and cancer chemoprevention: from epidemiological associations to cellular mechanisms of action. Nutr Res. 1998; 18:1807-1824.

Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of the combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:1150-1155.

Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88:1550-1559.

Paolini M, Cantelli-Forti G, Perocco P, et al. Co-carcinogenic effect of beta-carotene. Nature. 1999; 398:760-761.

Peto R, Doll R, Buckley JD, Sporn MB. Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature. 1981; 290:201-208.

Prabhala RH, Braune LM, Garewal HS, Watson RR. Influence of beta-carotene on immune functions. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1993; 691:262-263.

Pryor WA, Stahl W, Rock CL. Beta carotene: from biochemistry to clinical trials. Nutr Rev. 2000; 58:39-53.

Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, et al. Randomized trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1997; 349:1715-1720.

Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, et al. Effects of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene supplements on symptoms, progression, and prognosis of angina pectoris. Heart. 1998; 79:454-458.

Redlich CA, Chung JS, Cullen MR, et al. Effect of long-term beta-carotene and vitamin A on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels among participants in the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET). Atherosclerosis. 1999; 145:425-432.

Santos MS, Gaziano JM, Leka LS, et al. Beta-carotene-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity in elderly men: an investigation of the role of cytokines. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 68:164-170.

Santos MS, Meydani SN, Leka L, et al. Natural killer cell activity in elderly men is enhanced by beta-carotene supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996; 64:772-777.

Tavani A, La Vecchia C. Beta-carotene and risk of coronary heart disease. A review of observational and intervention studies. Biomed Pharmacother. 1999; 53:409-416.

The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta-carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:1029-1035.

van Poppel G, Spanhaak S, Ockhiuizen T. Effect of beta-carotene on immunological indexes in healthy male smokers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993; 57:402-407.

Virtano J, Rapola JM, Ripatti S, et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158:668-675.

Wang X-D, Liu C, Bronson RT, et al. Retinol signaling and activator protein-1 expression in ferrets given beta-carotene supplements and exposed to tobacco smoke. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91:60-66.

Williams AW, Boileau T W-M, Zhou JR, et al. Beta-carotene modulates human prostate cancer cell growth and may undergo intracellular metabolism to retinol. J Nutr. 2000; 130:728-732.

BILBERRY

Bertuglia S et al. Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on ischaemia reperfusion injury in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Pharmacol Res 1995; 31: 183-7.

Bettini V et al. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on vascular smooth muscle. Fitoterapia 1984; 55: 265-72.

Bettini V et al. Interactions between Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides and serotonin on splenic artery smooth muscle. Fitoterapia 1984; 55: 201-8.

Bettini V et al. Mechanical responses of isolated coronary arteries to barium in the presence of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. Fitoterapia 1985; 56: 3- 10.

Bomser J et al. In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species. Planta Med 1996; 62: 212-16.

Bottecchia D et al. Preliminary report on the inhibitory effect of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on platelet aggregation and clot retraction. Fitoterapia 1987; 58: 3-8.

Brantner A, Grein E. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts used externally in traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 1994; 44: 35-40.

Bravetti GO et al. Preventive medical treatment of senile cataract with vitamin E and Vaccinium myrtillus anthocianosides: clinical evaluation. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1989; 115: 109-16.

Cignarella A et al. Hypolipidaemic activity of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves on a new model of genetically hyperlipidaemic rat. Planta Med 1992; 58(Suppl 1): A581-2.

Cignarella A et al. Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of rat dyslipidaemia: a comparison with clofibrate. Thromb Res 1996; 84: 311-22.

Coget J, Merlen JF. Etude clinique d'un nouvel agent de protection vasculaire le difrarel 20, compose d'anthocyanosides extraits du Vaccinum myrtillus. Phlebologie 1968; 21: 221-8.

Colantuoni A et al. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on arterial vasomotion. Arzneim-Forschung 1991; 41: 905-9.

Colombo D, Vescovini R. Studio clinico controllato sull'efficacia degli antocianosidi del mirtillo cel trattamento della dismenorrea essenziale. Giorn It Ost Gin 1985; 7: 1033-8.

Detre Z et al. Studies on vascular permeability in hypertension: action of anthocyanosides. Clin Physiol Biochem 1986; 4: 143-9.

Di Pierro F, Morazzoni P. Reaping the benefits: the role of two edible plants (Vaccinium myrtillus and Glycine max). Proceedings of the Herbal Medicine in the New Millenium Conference, Lismore, NSW, Australia, 1999: 146 50.

Dombrowicz E et al. Phenolic acids in leaves of Arctostaphylos uva ursi L., Vaccinium vitis idaea L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. Pharmazie 1991; 46: 680-1.

Forte R et al. Fitotherapy and ophthalmology: considerations on dynamized myrtillus retinal effects with low luminance visual acuity. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1996; 122: 325-33.

Fraisse D et al. Composition polyphenolique de la feuille de myrtille. Ann Pharm Francais 1996; 54: 280-3.

Ionescu-Tirgoviste C et al. Efectul unui amestec pe plante asupra echilibrului metabolic la bolnavii cu diabet zaharat de tip 2. Med Intern 1989; 41: 185-92.

Jonadet M et al. Anthocyanosides extraits de Vitis vinifera, de Vaccinium myrtillus et de Pinus maritimus. J Pharm Belg 1983; 38: 41-6.

Joseph JA et al. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 8114-21.

Laplaud PM et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low-density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations. Fund Clin Pharmacol 1997; 11: 35-40.

Leonardi M. Il trattamento della mastopatia fibrosa con antocianosidi di mirtillo. Minerva Ginecol 1993; 45: 617-21.

Magistretti MJ et al. Antiulcer activity of an anthocyanidin from Vaccinium myrtillus. Arzneim-Forschung 1988; 38: 686-90.

Martin-Aragon S et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus L. Phytother Res 1998; 12(Suppl): S104-6.

Martin-Aragon S et al. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of Vaccinium myrtillus. Pharm Biol 1999; 37: 109-13.

Morazzoni P et al. Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides pharmacokinetics in rats. Arzneim-Forschung 1991; 41: 128-31.

Morazzoni P, Bombardelli. Vaccinium myrtillus L. Fitoterapia 1996; 66: 3 29.

Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Activity of Myrtocyan(R), an anthocyanin complex from Vaccinium myrtillus (VMA), on platelet aggregation and adhesiveness. Fitoterapia 1990; 61: 13-21.

Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on prostacyclin-like activity in rat arterial tissue. Fitoterapia 1986; 57: 11-14.

Neef H et al. Hypogylcaemic activity of selected European plants. Phytother Res 1995; 9: 45-8.

Perossini M et al. Diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy therapy with Vaccinium myrtillus anthocianosides (Tegens) double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1988; 113: 1173-90.

Pezzangora V et al. La terapia medica con antocianosidi del mirtillo nei pazienti operati di emorroidectomia. Gaz Med It 1984; 143: 405-9.

Piovella F et al. Impiego di antocianosidi da Vaccinium myrtillus al 25% come antocianidine nel trattamento della diatesi emorragica da deficit dell'emostasi primaria. Gaz Med It 1981; 140: 445-9.

Pulliero G et al. Ex vivo study of the inhibitory effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on human platelet aggregation. Fitoterapia 1989; 60: 69-75.

Repossi P et al. The role of anthocyanosides on vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1987; 113: 357-61.

Teglio L et al. Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides in the treatment of venous insufficiency of inferior limbs and acute piles in pregnancy. Quaderni Clin Osterica Ginecol 1987; 42: 221-31.

Tolan L et al. Utilizarea prafului de afine in dispepsiile sugarului. Pediatria 1969; 18: 375-9.

Tori A, D'Errico F. Gli antocianosidi da Vaccinium myrtillus nella cura delle flebopatie da stasi degli arti inferiori. Gaz Med It 1980; 139: 217-24.

COENZYM Q 10

Atar D, Mortensen SA, Flachs H, Herzog WR. Coenzyme Q10 protects ischemic myocardium in an open-chart swine model. Clin Investig. 1993; 71(Suppl):S103-S111.

Baggio E, Gandini R, Plancher AC, et al. Italian multicenter study on the safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive therapy in heart failure. Mol Aspects Med. 1994; 15(Suppl):287-294.

Bergossi AM, Grossi G, Fioletta PL, et al. Exogenous CoQ10 supplementation prevents plasma ubiquone reduction induced by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Mol Aspects Med. 1994; 15(Suppl):187-193.

Bliznakov EM, Wilkins DJ. Biochemical and clinical consequences of inhibiting coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis by lipid-lowering HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Advanc Therap. 1998; 15:218-228.

Chopra RK, Goldman R, Sinatra ST, Bhagavan HN. Relative bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 formulations in human subjects. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68:109-113.

Crane FL, Sun IL, Sun EE. The essential functions of coenzyme Q. Clin Investig. 1993; 71(Suppl):S55-S59.

Folkers K, Mortensen SA, Littarru GP, Yamagami T, Lenaz G, eds. The biochemical and clinical aspects of coenzyme Q. Clin Investig. 1993; 71(Suppl):S51-S178.

Folkers K. Critique of 30 years of research on hematopoietic and immunological activities of coenzyme Q10 and potentiality for therapy of AIDS and cancer. Med Chem Res. 1992; 2:48-60.

Folkers K, Hanioka T, Xia L-J, et al. Coenzyme Q10 increase T4/T8 ratios of lymphocytes in ordinary subjects and relevance to patients having the AIDS related complex. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1991; 176:786-791.

Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Willis R, et al. Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87:8931-8934.

Folkers K, Vadhanavikit S, Mortensen SA. Biochemical rationale and myocardial tissue data on the protective therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985; 82:901-904.

Ghirlanda G, Oradei A, Manto A, et al. Evidence of plasma CoQ10 -lowering effect by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Pharmacol. 1993; 33:226-229.

Hanioka T, Tanaka M, Oijima M, et al. Effect of topical application of coenzyme Q10 on adult periodontitis. Molec Aspects Med. 1994; 15 (suppl):S241-S248.

Hanaki Y, Sugiyama S, Ozawa T, Ohno M. Coenzyme Q10 and coronary artery disease. Clin Investig. 1993; 71 (suppl):S112-S115.

Henriksen JE, Andersen CB, Hother-Nielsen O, et al. Impact of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) treatment on glycaemic control, insulin requirement and well-being in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1999; 16:312-318.

Hofman-Bang C, Rehnqvist N, Swedberg K, et al. Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. The Q10 study group. J Card Fail. 1995; 1: 101-107.

Kishi H, Kishi T, Folkers K. Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. III. Inhibition of coenzyme Q10-enzymes by clinically used anti-hypertensive drugs. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975; 12:533-540.

Kishi T, Watanabe T, Folkers K. Bioenergetics in clinical medicine XV. Inhibition of coenzyme Q10-enzymes by clinically used adrenergic blockers of beta-receptors. Rev Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1977; 17:157-164.

Lampertico M, Comis S. Italian multicenter study on the efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 as adjuvant therapy in heart failure. Clin Investig. 1993; 71 (Suppl):S129-S133.

Lass A, Sohal RS. Effect of coenzyme Q10 and alpha-tocopherol content of mitochondria on the production of superoxide anion radicals. FASEB J. 2000; 14:87-94.

Lucker PW, Werzelberger N, Hennings G, Rehn D. Pharmacokinetics of coenzyme ubidecarenone in healthy volunteers. In: Folkers K, Yamamura Y, eds. Biomedical and clinical aspects of coenzyme Q. Vol 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier Sci. Publ. BV. 1984; 143-148.

Matthews RT, Yang L, Browne S, et al. Coenzyme Q10 administration increases mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95:8892-8897.

Morisco C, Trimarco B, Condorelli M. Effect of coenzyme Q10 therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: a long-term multi-center randomized study. Clinic Investig. 1993; 71(Suppl):S134-S136.

Pozzi F, Longo A, Lazzarini C, Carenzi A. Formulations of ubidecarenone with improved bioavailabiltity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1991; 37:243-246.

Spigset O. Reduced effect of warfarin caused by ubidecarenone. Lancet. 1994; 344:1372-1373..

Stocker R, Bowry VW, Frei B. Ubiquinol-10 protects human low-density lipoprotein more efficiently against lipid peroxidation than does alpha-tocopherol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991; 88:1646-50.

Tomasetti M, Littaru GP, Stocker R, Alleva R. Coenzyme Q10 enrichment decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 27:1027-1032.

Tomono Y, Hasegawa J, Seki T, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of deuterium-labeled coenzyme Q10 in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986; 24:536-541.

Watts GF, Castellucio CLA, Riceevans CLA, et al. Plasma coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) concentration in patients treated with simvastatin. J Clin Pathol. 1995; 46:1055-1057.

Watts TLP. Coenzyme Q10 and periodontal treatment: is there any beneficial effect? Br Dent J. 1995; 178:209-213.

GERSTENGRAS

Lai C-N. Chlorophyll: the active factor in wheat sprout extract inhibiting the metabolic activation of carcinogens in vitro. Nutr Cancer. 1979; 1:19-21.

Lai C-N, Dabney BJ, Shaw CR. Inhibition of in vitro metabolic activation of carcinogens by wheat sprout extracts. Nutr Cancer. 1978; 1:27-30.

Peryt B, Miloszewska J, Tudek B, et al. Antimutagenic effects of several subfractions of extract from wheat sprout toward benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutagenicity in strain TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res. 1988; 206:221-225.

Peryt B, Szymczyk T, Lesca P. Mechanism of antimutagenicity of wheat sprout extracts. Mutat Res. 1992; 269:201-215.

Tudek B, Peryt B, Miloszewska J, et al. The effect of wheat sprout extract on benzo(a)pyrene and 7,2-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene activity. Neoplasma. 1998; 35:515-523.

GLUTHATION

Anderson ME, Luo JL. Glutathione therapy: from prodrugs to genes. Semin Liver Dis. 1998; 18:415-424.

Aw TW, Wierzbicka G, Jones DP. Oral glutathione increases tissue glutathione in vivo. Chem Biol Interact. 1991; 80:89-97.

Bains JS, Shaw CA. Neurodegenerative disorders in humans: the role of glutathione in oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1997; 25:335-358.

Borok Z, Buhl R, Grimes GJ, et al. Effect of glutathione aerosol on oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in ideopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet. 1991; 338:215-216.

Broquist HP. Buthionine sulfoximine, an experimental tool to induce glutathionine deficiency: elucidation of glutathionine and ascorbate in their role as antioxidants. Nutr Rev. 1992; 50:110-111.

Brown LA, Bai C, Jones DP. Glutathione protection in aveolar type II cells from fetal and neonatal rabbits. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262:L305-L312.

Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 1995; 13:26-32.

Cheung P-Y, Wang W, Schulz R. Glutathione protects against ischemia-perfusion injury by detoxifying peroxynitrite. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000; 32:1669-1678.

De Mattia G, Bravi MC, Laurenti O, et al. Influence of reduced glutathione infusion on glucose metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1998; 47:993-997.

Exner R, Wessner B, Manhart N, Roth E. Therapeutic potential of glutathione. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2000; 112:610-616.

Favilli F, Marraccini P, Iantomasi T, Vincenzini MT. Effect of orally administered glutathione levels in osme organs of rats: role of specific transporters. Br J Nutr. 1997; 78:293-300.

Flagg EW, Coates RJ, Eley JW, et al. Dietary glutathione intake in humans and the relationship between intake and plasma total glutathionine level. Nutr Canc. 1994; 21:33-46.

Fernandes MA, Mota IM, Siva MT et al. Human erythrocytes are protected against chromate-induced peroxidation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 1999 May;43(1):38-46.

Furukawa T, Meydani SN, Blumberg JB. Reversal of age-associated decline in immune responsiveness by dietary glutathione supplementation in mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1987; 38:107-117.

Griffith OW. Biologic and pharmacologic regulation of mammalian glutathione synthesis. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 27:922-935.

Hagen TM, Jones DP. Transepithelial transport of glutathione in vascularly perfused small intestine of rat. Am J Physiol. 1987; 252(5 Pt 1):G607-G613.

Hagen TM, Wierzbicka GT, Sillau AH, et al. Bioavailability of dietary glutathione: effect on plasma concentration. Am J Physiol. 1990; 259(4 Pt 1):G524-G529.

Hayes JD, McLellan LI. Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes represent a co-ordinately regulated defence against oxidative stress. Free Rad Res. 1999; 31:273-300.

Hayes JD, Strange RC. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and their biological consequences. Pharmacology. 2000; 61:154-166.

Hercbergs A, Brok-Simoni F, Holtzman F, et al. Erythrocyte glutathione and tumor response to chemotherapy. Lancet. 1992; 339:1074-1076.

Holroyd KJ, Buhl R, Borok Z, et al. Correction of glutathione deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of HIV seropositive individuals by glutathione aerosol treatment. Thorax. 1993; 48:985-989.

Hwang C, Sinskey AJ, Lodish HF. Oxidized redox state of glutathione in the endoplasmic reticulum. Science. 1992; 257:1496-1502.

Janaky R, Ogita K, Pasqualotta BA, et al. Glutathione and signal transduction in the mammalian CNS. J Neurochem. 1999; 73:889-902.

Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Simoncic R, Bederova A et al. Nutritional risk factors of a vegetarian diet in adult lacto-ovo vegetarians. Bratisl Lek Listy 2000;101(1):38-43.

Lash LH, Hagen TM, Jones DP. Exogenous glutathione protects intestinal epithelial cells from oxidative injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986; 83:4641-4645.

Lenzi A, Culasso F, Gandini L, et al. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial of glutathione therapy in male infertility. Hum Reprod. 1993; 8:1657-1662.

Lenzi A, Picardo M, Gandini L, et al. Glutathione treatment of dyspermia: effect on the lipoperoxidation process. Hum Reprod. 1994; 9:2044-2050.

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Sternberg P Jr, Davidson PC, Jones DP, et al. Protection of retinal pigment epithelium from oxidative injury by glutathione and precursors. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 1993; 34:3661-3668.

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GLYCIN

Barbeau A. Preliminary study of glycine administration in patients with spasticity. Neurol. 1974; 24:392.

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Yagasaki K, Funabiki R. Effects of dietary supplemented amino acids on endogenous hypercholesterolemia in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1990; 36 Suppl 12:S165-S168.

GRAPEFRUITKERNEXTRAKT

Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL, et al. Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice. Gen Pharmacol. 1998; 30:771-776.

Gabetta B, Fuzzati N, Griffini A, et al. Characterization of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71:162-175.

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Yamakoshi J, Kataoka S, Koga T, Ariga T. Proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seed attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbis. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 142:139-149.

Ye X, Krohn RL, Liu W, et al. The cytotoxic effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999; 196:99-108.

Zhao J, Wang J, Chen Y, Agarwal R. Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seed in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3' -gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis. 1999; 20:1737-1745.

INDOL 3 CARBINOL

Albert-Puleo M. Physiological effects of cabbage with reference to its potential as a dietary cancer-inhibitor and its use in ancient medicine. J Ethnopharm. 1983; 9:261-272.

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Grubbs CJ, Steele VE, Casebolt T, et al. Chemoprevention of chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis by indole-3-carbinol. Anticancer Res. 1995; 15:709-716.

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KREATINMONOHYDRAT

Feldman EB. Creatine: a dietary supplement and ergogenic aid. Nutr Rev.1999; 57:45-50.

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L - ARGININ

Adams MR, McCredie R, Jessup W, et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilatation and reduces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in young men with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1997; 129:261-269.

Andres A, Morales JM, Praga M, et al. L-arginine reverses the antinatriuretic effect of cyclosporin in renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997; 12:1437-1440.

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Barbul A, Sisto DA, Wasserkrug HL, Efron G. Arginine stimulates lymphocyte immune response in healthy human beings. Surgery. 1981; 90:244-251.

Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, Galland A, et al. L-arginine-induced vasodilation in healthy humans: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998; 46:489-497.

Brandes RP, Brandes S, Boger RH, et al. L-Arginine supplementation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits normalizes leukocyte adhesion to non-endothelial matrix. Life Sci. 2000; 66:1519-1524.

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Chen J, Wollman Y, Chernichovsky T, et al. Effect of oral administration of high-dose nitric oxide donor L-arginine in men with organic erectile dysfunction: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BJU Int. 1999; 83:269-273.

Clarkson P, Adams MR, Powe AJ, et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilation in hypercholesterolemic young adults. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97:1989-1994.

Cooke JP. Singer AH, Tsao P, et al. Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J Clin Invest. 1992; 90:1168-1172.

Griffith RS, DeLong DC, Nelson JD. Relation of arginine-lysine antagonism to herpes simplex growth in tissue culture. Chemotherapy. 1981; 27:209-213.

Hambrecht R, Hilbrich L, Erbs S, et al. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: additional effects of exercise training and oral L-arginine supplementation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35:701-713.

Horton JW, White J, Maass D, Sanders B. Arginine in burn injury improves cardiac performance and prevents bacterial translocation. J Appl Physiol. 1998; 84:695-702.

Isidori A, Lo Monaco A, Cappa M. A study of growth hormone release in man after oral administration of amino acids. Current Med Res Opinion. 1981; 7:475-481.

Kapuler AM, Gurusiddiah S. The amino acids precursory to proteins are primary human food: proline, glutamine, and arginine found free in the juices of common vegetables and herbs. J Med Food. 1998; 1:97-115.

Korting GE, Smith SD, Wheeler MA, et al. A randomized double-blind trial of oral L-arginine for treatment of interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 1999; 161:558-565.

Lerman A, Burnett JC Jr, Higano ST, et al. Long-term L-arginine supplementation improves small-vessel coronary endothelial function in humans. Circulation. 1998; 97:2123-2128.

Loukides S, Kharitonov S, Wodehouse T, et al. Effect of arginine on mucocilliary function in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Lancet. 1998; 352:371-372.

Lubec B, Hayn M, Kitzmü ller E, et al. L-arginine reduces lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Free Rad Biol Med. 1997; 22:355-357.

Mantha SV. Mediation of L-arginine-induced retardation of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits by antioxidant mechanisms. Nutr Res. 1999; 10:1529-1539.

Nagase S, Takemura K, Ueda A, et al. A novel nonenzymatic pathway for the generation of nitric oxide by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and D- or L-arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997; 233:150-153.

Narita I, Border WA, Ketteler M, et al. L-arginine may mediate the therapeutic effects of low protein diets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92:4552-4556.

Park KGM, Hayes PD, Garlick PJ et al. Stimulation of lymphocyte natural cytotoxicity by L-arginine. Lancet. 1991; 337:645-646.

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Sandrini G, Franchini S, Lanfranchi S, et al. Effectiveness of ibuprofen-arginine in the treatment of acute migraine headaches. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1998; 18:145-150.

Schachter A, Goldman JA, Zuckerman Z. Treatment of oligospermia with the amino acid arginine. J Urology. 1973; 110:311-313.

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Smulders RA, Aarsen M, Teerlink T, et al. Haemodynamic and biochemical responses to L- arginine and L- lysine infusions in normal subjects: L- arginine-induced vasodilatation cannot be explained by non-specific effects of cationic amino acids. Clin Sci (Lond) 1997 Apr;92(4):367-74.

Tangphao O, Grossman M, Chalon S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral L-arginine in normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 47:261-266.

Tentolouris C, Tousoulis D, Davies GJ, et al. Serum cholesterol level, cigarette smoking, and vasomotor responses to L-arginine in narrowed epicardial coronary arteries. Amer J Cardiol. 2000; 85:500-503.

Wascher TC, Posch K, Wallner S, et al. Vascular effects of L-arginine: anything beyond a substrate for the NO-synthase? Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 19

L- CARNITIN

Bohles H, Richter K, Wagner-Thiesson E, Schafer H. Decreased serum carnitine in valproate induced Reye syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1982; 139:185-186.

Bohmer T, Rynding A, Solberg HE. Carnitine levels in human serum in health and disease. Clin Chim Acta. 1974; 57:55-61.

Borum PR. Carnitine. Ann Rev Nutr. 1983; 3:233-259.

Brevetti G, Diehm C, Lambert D. European multicenter study on propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. J Am Coll
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Brevetti G, Chiarello M, Ferulano G, et al. Increases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular disease: a double-blind, cross-over study. Circul. 1988; 77:767-773.

Brooks H, Goldberg L, Holland R, et al. Carnitine-induced effects on cardiac and peripheral hemodynamics. J Clin Pharmacol. 1977; 17:561-578.

Christiansen R, Bremer J. Active transport of butyrobetaine and carnitine into isolated liver cells. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1977; 448:562-577.

de Simone C, Famularo G, Tzantzoglov S, et al. Carnitine depletion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS: effect of L-carnitine. AIDS. 1994; 8:655-660.

Famularo G, Moretti S, Marcellini S, et al. Acetyl-carnitine deficiency in AIDS patients with neurotoxicity on treatment with antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. AIDS. 1997; 11:185-190.

Lindstedt S, Lindstedt G. Distribution and excretion of carnitine 14CO2 in the rat. Acta Chim Scand. 1961; 15:701-702.

Maebashi M, Kawamura N, Sato M, et al. Lipid-lowering effects of carnitine in patients with type-IV hypolipoproteinaemia. Lancet. 1978; 2:805-807.

Marzo A, Arrigoni Martelli E, Mancinelli A, et al. Protein binding of L-carnitine family components. Eur J Drug Met Pharmacokin Special Issue III. 1992; 364-368.

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Prockup LD, Engel WK, Shug AL. Nearly fatal muscle carnitine deficiency with full recovery after replacement therapy. Neurol. 1983; 33:1629-1631.

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Rebouche CJ. Carnitine function and requirements during the life cycle. FASEB J. 1992; 6:3379-3386.

Rebouche CJ, Engel AG. Carnitine metabolism and deficiency syndromes. Mayo Clin Proc. 1983; 58:533-540.

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Rossi CS, Siliprandi N. Effects of carnitine on serum HDL-cholesterol: report of two cases. Johns Hopkins Medical J. 1982; 150:51-54.

Sachan DS, Rhew TH, Ruark RA. Ameliorating effects of carnitine on alcohol-induced fatty liver. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984; 39:738-744.

Triggs WJ, Bohan TP, Shen-Nan L, Wilmore J. Valproate-induced coma with ketosis and carnitine insufficiency. Arch Neurol. 1990; 47:1131-1133.

Vacha GM, Giorcelli G, Siliprandi N, Corsi G. Favorable effects of L-carnitine treatment on hypertriglyceridemia in hemodialysis patients: decisive role of low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983; 38:532-540.

L-CARNOSIN

Atwood CS, Moir RD, Huang X, et al. Dramatic aggregation of Alzheimer Ab by Cu(II) is induced by conditions representing physiological acidosis. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273(21):12817-26.

Bierhaus A, Hofmann MA, Ziegler R, et al. AGEs and their interaction with AGE-receptors in vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. I. The AGE concept. Cardiovascular Research. 1998; 37(3):586-600.

Boldyrev A, Song R, Lawrence D, et al. Carnosine protects against excitotoxic cell death independently of effects on reactive oxygen species. Neuroscience. 1999; 94(2):571-7.

Boldyrev AA, Stvolinsky SL, Tyulina OV, et al. Biochemical and physiological evidence that carnosine is an endogenous neuroprotector against free radicals. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1997; 17(2):259-71.

Brownson C, Hipkiss AR. Carnosine reacts with a glycated protein. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28(10):1564-70.

Burcham PC, Kerr PG, Fontaine F. The antihypertensive hydralazine is an efficient scavenger of acrolein. Redox Rep. 2000; 5(1):47-9.

Butterfield DA. Alzheimer's b-amyloid peptide and free radical oxidative stress. Gilbert DL and Colton CA, editors. Reactive oxygen species in biological systems: an interdisciplinary approach. New York, 1999. Pp. 609-638.

Carney JM, Smith CD, Carney AM, et al. Aging- and oxygen-induced modifications in brain biochemistry and behavior. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1994; 738:44-53.

Carney JM, Starke-Reed PE, Oliver CN, et al. Reversal of age-related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-alpha phenylnitrone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991; 88(9):3633-6.

Cherny RA, Legg JT, McLean CA, et al. Aqueous dissolution of Alzheimer's disease Ab amyloid deposits by biometal depletion. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274(33):23223-8.

Doble A. The role of excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease: implications for therapy. Pharmacol Ther. 1999; 81(3):163-221.

Gille JJ, Pasman P, van Berkel CG, et al. Effect of antioxidants on hyperoxia-induced chromosomal breakage in Chinese hamster ovary cells: protection by carnosine. Mutagenesis. 1991; 6(4):313-8.

Gulyaeva NV. Superoxide-scavenging activity of carnosine in the presence of copper and zinc ions. Biochemistry (Moscow). 1987; 52(7 Part 2):1051-4.

Gulyaeva NV, Dupin AM, Levshina IP. Carnosine prevents activation of free-radical lipid oxidation during stress. Bull Exp Biol Med. 1989; 107(2):148-152.

Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 1965; 37:614-36.

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Hipkiss AR, Brownson C. A possible new role for the anti-ageing peptide carnosine. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000; 57(5):747-53.

Hipkiss AR, Chana H. Carnosine protects proteins against methylglyoxal-mediated modifications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998; 248(1):28-32.

Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-carnosine, a potential anti-protein-cross-linking agent. FEBS Lett. 1995; 371(1):81-5.

Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P, et al. Strategies for the extension of human life span. Perspect Hum Biol. 1995; 1:59-70.

Hipkiss AR, Preston JE, Himswoth DT, et al. Protective effects of carnosine against malondialdehyde-induced toxicity towards cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett. 1997; 238(3):135-8.

Horning MS, Blakemore LJ, Trombley PQ. Endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection: role of zinc, copper, and carnosine. Brain Res. 2000; 852(1):56-61.

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Ikeda D, Wada S, Yoneda C, et al. Carnosine stimulates vimentin expression in cultured rat fibroblasts. Cell Struct Funct. 1999; 24(2):79-87.

Kantha SS, Wada S, Tanaka H, et al. Carnosine sustains the retention of cell morphology in continuous fibroblast culture subjected to nutritional insult. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996; 223(2):278-82.

Kasai H. Analysis of a form of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, as a marker of cellular oxidative stress during carcinogenesis. Mutat Res. 1997; 387(3):147-63.

McFarland GA, Holliday R. Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine. Exp Cell Res 1994; 212(2):167-75.

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Wang AM, Ma C, Xie ZH, et al. Use of carnosine as a natural anti-senescence drug for human beings. Biochemistry (Moscow). 2000; 65(7):869-71.

Yuneva MO, Bulygina ER, Gallant SC, et al. Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-accelerated mice. J Anti-Aging Med. 1999; 2(4):337-42.

Zaloga GP, Roberts PR, Black KW. Carnosine is a novel peptide modulator of intracellular calcium and contractility in cardiac cells. Am J Physiol 1997; 272(1 Pt 2):H462-8.

L- HISTIDIN

Blumenkrantz MJ, Shapiro DJ, Swendseid ME, Kopple JD. Histidine supplementation for treatment of anaemia of uraemia. Br Med J. 1975; 2(5970):530-533.

Gerber DA. Decreased concentration of free histidine in serum in rheumatoid arthritis, an isolated amino acid abnormality not associated with generalized hypoaminoacidemia. J Rheumatol. 1975; 2:384-392.

Gerber DA. Low free serum histidine concentration in rheumatoid arthritis. A measure of disease activity. J Clin Invest. 1975; 55:1124-1173.

Gerber DA, Sklar JE, Niedwiadowiez J. Lack of effect of oral L-histidine on the serum cholesterol in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971; 24:1382-1383.

Gerber DA, Tanenbaum L, Ahr ens M. Free serum histidine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and control subjects following an oral load of free L-histidine. Metabolism. 1976; 25:655-657.

Ghezzo F, Racca S, Conti G, et al. L-histidine medroxyprogesterone acetate interaction modulates human breast cancer cell growth and progestin receptor expression in vitro. Pharmacy Res. 1997; 35:119-122.

Griswold DE, Alessi S, Badger AM, et al. Inhibitions of T suppressor cell expression by histamine type 2 (H2 ) receptor antagonists. J Immunol. 1984; 132:3054-3057.

Hellstrand K, Dalgren C, Hermodsson S. Histaminergic regulation of NK cells. Role of monocyte-derived reactive oxygen metabolites. J Immunol. 1994; 153:4940-4947.

Lee NS, Fitzpatrick D, Meier E, Fisher H. Influence of dietary histidine on tissue histamine concentration, histidine decorboxylase and histamine methyltransferase activity in the rat. Agents Actions. 1981; 11:307-311.

Pinals RS, Harris ED, Burnett JB, Gerber DA. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with L-histidine: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Rheumatol. 1977; 4:414-419.

L - LYSIN

Civitelli R, Villareal DT, Agnusedei D, et al. Dietary L-lysine and calcium metabolism in humans. Nutrition. 1992; 8:400-405.

Di Giovanna JJ, Blank H. Failure of lysine in frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection. Treatment and prophylaxis. Arch Dermatol. 1984; 120:48-51.

Flondin NW. The metabolic roles, pharmacology, and toxicology of lysine. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997; 16:7-21.

Griffith RS, De Long DC, Nelson JD. Relation of L-arginine-lysine antagonism to herpes simplex growth in tissue culture. Chemotherapy. 1981; 27:209-213.

Griffith RS, Walsh DE, Myrmel KH, et al. Success of L-lysine therapy in frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection. Treatment and prophylaxis. Dermatologica. 1987; 175:183-190.

Lo JC, Chertow GM, Rennke H, Seifter JL. Fanconi's syndrome and tubulointestinal nephritis in association with L-lysine ingestion. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996; 28:614-617.

McCune MA, Perry HO, Muller SA, O'Fallon WM. Treatment of recurrent herpes simplex infections with L-lysine monohydrochloride. Cutis. 1984; 34:366-373.

Rajamohan T, Kurup PA. Lysine: arginine ratio of a protein influences cholesterol metabolism: Part 1-studies on sesame protein having low lysine: arginine ratio. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997; 35:1218-1223.

Thein DJ, Hurt WC. Lysine as a prophylactic agent in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984; 58:659-666.

L- ORNITHIN

Barbul A. Arginine: biochemistry, physiology, and therapeutic implications. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1986; 10:227-238.

Bucci L, Hickson JF Jr, et al. Ornithine ingestion and growth hormone release in bodybuilders. Nutr Res. 1990; 10:239-245.

Bucci LR, Hickson JF Jr, Wolinsky I, Pivarnik JM. Ornithine supplementation and insulin release in bodybuilders. Int J Sport Nut. 1992; 2:289-291.

DeBandt J-P, Coudray-Lucas C, Lioret N, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the influence of the mode of enteral ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate administration in burn patients. J Nutr. 1998; 128:563-569.

Elam RP, Hardin DH, Sutton RA, Hagen L. Effects of arginine and ornithine on strength, lean body mass and urinary hydroxyproline in adult males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1989; 29:52-56.

Fogelholm GM, Naveri HK, Kiilavuori KT, Harkoner MH. Low-dose amino acid supplementation: no effects on serum human growth hormone and insulin in male weightlifters. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993; 3:290-297.

Iwasaki K, Mano K, Ishihara M, et al. Effects of ornithine or arginine administration on serum amino acid levels. Biochem Int. 1987; 14:971-976.

Jeevanandam M, Holaday NJ, Petersen SR. Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG) supplementation is more effective than its component salts in traumatized rats. J Nutr. 1996; 126:2141-2150.

Lambert MI, Hefer JA, Millar RP, Macfarlane PW. Failure of commercial oral amino acid supplements to increase serum growth hormone concentrations in male body builders. Int J Sport Med. 1993; 3:298-305.

Torre PM, Ronnenberg AG, Hartman WJ, Prior RL. Supplemental arginine and ornithine do not affect splenocyte proliferation in surgically treated rats. J Parenter Enteral Nut. 1993; 17:532-536.

L-TRYPTOPHAN

Boiardi A, Picotti GB, Di Giulio AM, et al. Platelet met-enkephalin immunoreactivity and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in migraine patients: effects of 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, amitriptyline and chlorimipramine treatment.Cephalalgia. 1984; 4:81-84.

Byerley WF, Judd LL, Reimherr FW, et al. 5-Hydroxy-tryptophan: a review of its antidepressant efficacy and adverse effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987; 7:127-137.

Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cascino A, et al. Eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:863-867.

Cangiano C, Laviano A, Del Ben M, et al. Effects of oral5-hydroxytryptophan on energy intake and macronutrient selection in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Obes Relat MetabDisord. 1998; 22:648-654.

Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1990;18:201-209.

Ceci F, Cangiano C, Cairella M, et al. The effects of oral 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on feeding behavior in obese adult female subjects. J Neural Transm. 1989;76:109-117.

Genazzani AR, Sandrini G, Facchinetti F, et al. Effects of L-5HTP with and without carbidopa on plasma beta-endorphin and pain perception. Possible implications in migraine prophylaxis.Cephalalgia. 1986; 6:241-245.

Gwaltney-Brant SM, Albertsen JC, Khan SA. 5-Hydroxy-trytophan toxicosis in dogs: 21 cases (1989-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc.2000; 216:1937-1940.

Imeri L, Mancia M, Bianchi S, Opp MR. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, but not L-tryptophan, alters sleep and brain temperature in rats.Neuroscience. 2000; 95:445-452.

Klarskov K, Johnson KL, Benson LM, et al. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome case-associated contaminants in commercially available 5-hydroxytryptophan. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:461-468.

Michelson D, Page SW, Casey R, et al. An eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome related disorder associated with exposure to L-5-hydroxytryptophan. J Rheumatol. 1994; 21:2261-2265.

Nicoladi M, Sicuteri F. L-5-hydroxytryptophan can prevent nocioceptive disorders in man. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:177-182.
Puttini PS, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res.1992; 20:182-189.

Ribeiro CA. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in the prophylaxis of chronic tension-type headache: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. For the Portuguese Head Study. Headache. 2000; 40:451-456.

Sternberg EM, Van Woert MH, Young SN, et al. Development of ascleroderma-like illness during therapy with L-5-hydroxy-tryptophan and carbidopa. N Eng J Med. 1980;303:782-787.

Williamson BL, Klarskov K, Tolminson A J, et al. Problems with over-the-counter 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. Nat Med. 1998;4:983.
Yamada J, Ujikawa M, Sugimoto Y. Serum leptin levels after central and systemic injection of a serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000;406:159-162.

Zhou SY, Goshgarian HG. 5-Hydroxytryptophan-induced respiratory recovery after cervical spinal cord hemisection in rats. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 89:1528-1536.

LECITHIN

Atoba MA, Ayoola EA, Ogunseyinde O. Effects of essential phospholipid choline on the course of acute hepatitis-B infection. Trop Gastroenterol. 1985; 6:96-9.

Buko V, Lukivskaya O, Nikitin V, et al. Hepatic and pancreatic effects of polyenoylphosphatidylcholine in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Cell Biochem Funct. 1996; 14:131-137.

Canty DJ, Zeisel SH. Lecithin and choline in human health and disease. Nutr Rev. 1994; 52:327-339.

Cohen BM, Lipinski JF, Altesman RI. Lecithin in the treatment of mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 1982; 139:1162-1164.

Gelenberg AJ, Dorer DJ, Wojcik JD, et al. A crossover study of lecithin treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990; 51:149-153.

Growdon JH, Gelenberg AJ, Doller J, et al. Lecithin can suppress tardive dyskinesia. N Engl J Med. 1978; 298:1029-1030.

Hanin I, Ansell GB, eds. Lecithin. Technological, Biological and Therapeutic Aspects. New York and London: Plenum Press; 1987.

Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH, Wurtman RJ. Relations between dietary choline or lecithin intake, serum choline levels, and various metabolic indices. Metabolism. 1978; 27:953-960.

Jackson IV, Nuttall EA, Ibe IO, Perez-Cruet J. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with lecithin. Am J Psychiatry. 1979; 136:1458-1460.

Jenkins PJ, Portmann BP, Eddleston AL, Williams R. Use of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis: results of prospective double-blind controlled trial. Liver. 1982; 2:7-81.

Kosina F, Budka K, Kolouch Z, et al. Essential cholinephospholipids in the treatment of virus hepatitis. Cas Lek Cesk. 1981; 120:957-960.

Lieber CS, Leo MA, Aleynik SI, et al. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997; 21:375-379.

Lieber CS, De Carl LM, Mak KM, et al. Attenuation of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis by polyunsaturated lecithin. Hepatol. 1990; 12:1390-1398.

Little A, Levy R, Chuaqui-Kidd P, Hand D. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neur Neurosurg Psych. 1985; 48:736-742.

Visco G. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in association with vitamin B complex in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis B. results of a randomized double-blind clinical study. Clin Ter. 1985; 114:183-188.

Wurtman RJ, Hefti F, Melamed E. Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis. Pharmac Rev. 1981; 32:315-335.

Wurtman RJ, Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH. Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels. Lancet. 1977; 2(8028):68-69.

LEINSAMENÖL

Allman MA, Penna MM, Pang D. Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflower seed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995; 49:169-178.

Bagga D, Capone S, Wang HJ et al. Dietary modulation of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in patients with breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Aug6;89(15):1123-31,

Fisher S, Honigmann, G, Hora C, et al. Results of linseed oil and olive oil therapy in hyperlipoproteinemia patients. [Article in German]. Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr. 1984; 44:245-251.

Indu M, Ghafoorunissa. n-3 fatty acids in Indian diets: comparison of the effects of precursor (alpha-linolenic acid) vs. product (long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids). Nutr Res. 1992; 12:569-582.

James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(Suppl):343S-348S.

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, et al. Health aspects of partially defatted flaxseed, including effects on serum lipids, oxidative measures, and ex vivo androgen and progestin activity: a controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69:395-402.

Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND. Reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by CDC-flaxseed with very low alpha-linolenic acid. Atherosclerosis. 1998; 136:367-375.

Prasad K. Dietary flaxseed in prevention of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1997; 132:69-76.

Rozanova IA, Pogozheva AV, Kupakova SN, et al. Effect of anti-atherosclerotic diet, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family from flax oil, on fatty acid composition of cell membranes of patients with ischemic heart disease, hypertensive disease and hyperlipoproteinemia. [Article in Russian]. Vopr Pitan. 1997; (5):15-17.

Simopoulos AP. New products from the agri-food industry: the return of n-3 fatty acids into the food supply. Lipids. 1999; 34 Suppl:S297-S301.

Singer P, Wirth M, Berg, I. A possible contribution of decrease in free fatty acids to low serum triglyceride after diets supplemented with n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 1990; 83:167-175.

Tou JC, Thompson LU. Exposure to flaxseed or its lignan component during different developmental stages influences rat mammory gland structures. Carcinogenesis. 1999; 20:1831-1835.

Walton JP, Bond JM, Julian RJ, Squires EJ. Effect of dietary flax oil and hypobaric hypoxia on pulmonary hypertension and haematological variables in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 1999; 40:385-391.

LIGNANE

Apers S, Paper D, Burgermeister J et al. Antiangiogenic activity of synthetic dihydrobenzofuran lignans. J Nat Prod 2002 May; 65(5):718-20.

Kitts DD, Yuan YV, Wijewickreme AN, Thompson LU. Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999; 202:91-100.

Li D, Yee JA, Thompson LU, Yan L. Dietary supplementation with secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) reduces experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Cancer Letters. 1999; 142:91-96.

Pool-Zobel BL, Adlercreutz H, Glei M, et al. Isoflavonoids and lignans have different potentials to modulate oxidative genetic damage in human colon cells. Carcinogenesis. 2000; 21:1247-1252.

Prasad K. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging property of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside isolated from flax-seed. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997; 168:117-123.

Prasad K. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of diabetes in diabetic BB prone rats: effect of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). Mol Cell Biochem. 2000; 209:89-96.

Prasad K. Reduction of serum cholesterol and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits by secoisolariciresinol diglucoside isolated from flaxseed. Circulation. 1999; 99:1355-1362.

Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND. Protective effect of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside against streptozotocin-induced diabetes and its mechanism. Mol Cell Biochem. 2000; 206:141-150.

Schottner M, Spiteller G. Lignans interfering with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to human sex hormone-binding globulin. J Nat Prod. 1998; 61:119-121.

Thompson LU, Seidl MM, Rickard SE, et al. Antitumorigenic effect of a mammalian lignan precursor from flaxseed. Nutr Cancer. 1996; 26:159-165.

LUTEIN

Berendschot TT, Goldbohm RA, Klö pping WA, et al. Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41:3322-3326.

Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW et al. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients. Ophthalmology 2002 Oct;109(10):1780-7.

Bone RA, Landrum JT, Dixon Z, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the eyes, serum and diet of human subjects. Exp Eye Res. 2000; 71:239-245.

Bone RA, Landrum JT, Friedes LM, et al. Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retinal. Exp Eye Res. 1997; 64:211-218.

Bone RA, Landrum JT, Tarsis SL. Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Vision Res. 1985; 25:1531-1535.

Bowen PE, Clark JP. Lutein esters having high bioavailability. International patent publication number: WO 98/45241. International publication date: 15 October 1998.

Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in U.S. men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:517-524.

Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in U.S. women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:509-516.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000:325-382.

Erdman JW Jr. Variable bioavailability of carotenoids from vegetables (editorial). Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:179-180.

Garnett KM, Glerhart DL, Guerra-Santos LH. Method of making pure 3R-3' R stereoisomer of zeaxanthin for human ingestion. United States Patent Number: 5,854,015. Date of Patent: Dec. 29, 1998.

Hammond BR Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Density of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. Optom Vis Sci. 1997; 74:499-504.

Handelman GJ, Nightingale ZD, Lichtenstein AH, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:247-251.

Khachik F. Process for extraction and purification of lutein, zeaxanthin and rare carotenoids from marigold flowers and plants. International patent publication number: WO 99/20587. International publication date: 29 April 1999.

Koonsvitsky BP, Berry DA, Jones MB, et al. Olestra affects serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids but not vitamin D or vitamin K status in free-living subjects. J Nutr. 1997; 127(8 Suppl):1636S-1645S.

Kostic D, White WS, Olson JA. Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995; 62:604-610.

Kruger CL, Murphy M, De Freitas Z et al. An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived froma new source : case study using a crystalline lutein product. Food Chem Toxicol 2002 Nov;40(11):1535-49.

Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, et al. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Exp Eye Res. 1997; 65:57-62.

Mares-Perlman JA. Too soon for lutein supplements (editorial). Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:431-432.

Nussbaum JJ, Pruett RC, Delori FC. Historic perspectives. Macular yellow pigment. The first 200 years. Retina. 1981; 1:296-310.

Olson JA. Carotenoids. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1999:525-541.

Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van het Hof KH, et al. Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71:1187-1193.

Siems WG, Sommerburg O, van Kuijk FJ. Lycopene and beta-carotene decompose more rapidly than lutein and zeaxanthin upon exposure to various pro-oxidants in vitro. Biofactors. 1999; 10:105-113.

Sommerburg O, Keunen JE, Bird AC, et al. Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes. B J Opthalmol. 1998; 82:907-910.

Sommerburg OG, Siems WG, Hurst JS, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with photoreceptors in the human retina. Curr Eye Res. 1999; 19:491-495.

van den Berg H. Effect of lutein on beta-carotene absorption and cleavage. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68:360-365.

van het Hof KH, Brouwer IA, West CE, et al. Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:261-268.

LYCOPENE

Agarwal S, Rao AV. Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases. CMAJ. 2000; 163:739-744.

Agarwal S, Rao AV. Tomato lycopene and low density lipiprotein oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. Lipids. 1998; 33:981-984.

Arab L, Steck S. Lycopene and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(suppl); 1691S-1695S.

Bohm Y, Bitsch R. Intestinal absorption of lycopene from different matrices and interactions to other carotenoids, the lipid status, and the antioxidant capacity of human plasma. Eur J Nutr. 1999; 38:118-125.

Boileau AC, Merchen NR, Wasson K, et al. Cis-lycopene is more bioavailable than trans-lycopene in vitro and in vivo in lymph-cannulated ferrets. J Nutr. 1999; 129:1176-1181.

Bramley PM. Is lycopene beneficial to human health? Phytochem. 2000; 54:233-236.

Clinton SK. Lycopene: chemistry, biology, and implications for human health and disease. Nutr Rev. 1998; 56:35-51.

Clinton SK, Emenhiser C, Schwartz SJ, et al. Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996; 5:823-833.

Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, et al. Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res. 1999; 59:1225-1230.

Gartner C, Stahl W, Sies H. Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66:116-122.

Gianetti J, Pedrinelli R, Petrucci R, Lazzerini G, De Caterina M et al. Inverse association between carotid intima-media thickness and the antioxidant lycopene in atheosclerosis. Am Heart J 2002 Mar;143(3):467-74.

Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: Review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91:317-331.

Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87:1767-1976.

Hadley CW, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. The consumption of processed tomato products enhances plasma lycopene concentrations in association with a reduced lipoprotein sensivity to oxidative damage. J Nutr 2003 Mar;133(3):727-32.

Johnson EJ. The role of lycopene in health and disease. Nutr Clin Care. 2000; 3:35-43.

Johnson EJ, Qin J, Krinsky NI, Russell RM. Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. J Nutr. 1997; 127:1833-1837.

Leal M, Shimada S, Ruiz F, et al. Effect of lycopene on lipid peroxidation and glutathione-dependent enzymes