ALPHA - LIPONSÄURE

Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Lykkesfeldt J, et al. (R)-alpha-lipoic acid-supplemented old rats have improved mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative damage, and increased metabolic rate. FASEB J. 1999; 13:411-418.

Lykkesfeldt J, Hagen TM, Vinarsky V, Ames BN. Age-associated decline in ascorbic and concentration, recycling and biosynthesis in rat hepatocytes-reversal with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. FASEB J. 1998; 12:1183-1189.

Marangon K, Devaraj S, Tirosh O, et al. Comparison of the effect of alpha-lipoic acid and alpha-tocopherol supplementation on measures of oxidative stress. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 27:1114-1121.

Natrej CV, Gandhi VM, Melon KKG. Lipoic acid and diabetes: effect of dihydrolipoic acid administration in diabetic rats and rabbits. J Biosci 1984; 6:37-46.

Nickander KK, McPhee BR, Low PA, Tritschler H. Alpha-lipoic acid: antioxidant potency against lipid peroxidation of neural tissues in vitro and implications for diabetic neuropathy. Free Rad Biol Med. 1996; 21:631-639.

Ohmori H, Yamauchi T, Yamamoto I. Augmentation of the antibody response by lipoic acid in mice II. Restoration of the antibody response in immunosuppressed mice. Japan J Pharmacol 1986; 42:275-280.

Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Rad Biol Med. 1997; 22:359-378.

Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler, HJ. Alpha-lipoic as a biological antioxidant. Free Rad Biol Med. 1995; 19:227-250.

Reed LJ. The chemistry and function of lipoic acids. Adv Enzymol. 1957; 18:319-347.

Sachse G, Willms B. Efficacy of throctic acid in the therapy of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Horm Metab Res Suppl. 1980; 9:105-107.

Tirosh O, Sen CK, Roy S, et al. Neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid and its positively charged amide analogue. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 26:1418-1426.

Wagh SS, Natraj CV, Menon KKG. Mode of action of lipoic acid in diabetes. J Biosci. 1987; 11:59-74.

Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A three-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN study). Diabetologia. 1995; 38:1425-1433.

Zimmer G, Beikler TK, Schneider M, et al. Dose/response curves of lipoic acid R- and S- forms in the working rat heart during reoxygenation: superiority of the R-entantiomer in the enhancement of aortic flow. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1995; 27:1895-1903

BCAA - Leucin, Isoleucin, Valin

Abeta S, Inoue N, Matsui H, Yoshino Y. [Effect of branched-chain amino acids on glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat cerebral neurons.] [Article in Japanese.] Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1995; 35:420-423.

Austic RE, Su C-L, Strupp BJ, Levitsky DA. Effects of dietary mixtures of amino acids on fetal growth and maternal and fetal amino acid pools in experimental maternal phenylketonuria. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69:687-696.

Bastone A, Michel. A, Beghi E, Salmona M. The imbalance of brain large-chain amino acid availability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients treated with high doses of branched-chain amino acids. Neurochem Int. 1995; 27:467-472.

Berry HK, Brunner RL, Hunt MM, White PP. Valine, isoleucine and leucine. A new treatment for phenylketonuria. Am J Dis Child. 1990; 144:539-543.

Fabbri A, Magrini N, Bianchi G, et al. Overview of randomized clinical trials of oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1996; 20:159-164.

MacLean DA, Graham TE, Saltin B. Stimulation of muscle ammonia production during exercise following branched-chain amino acid supplementation in humans. J Physiol (Lond). 1996; 493(Pt3):909-922.

Maddrey WC. Branched chain amino acid therapy in liver disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 1985; 4:639-650.

Madsen K, Maclean DA, Kiens B, Christensen D. Effects of glucose, glucose plus branched-chain amino acids, or placebo on bike performance over 100km. J Appl Physiol. 1996; 81:2644-2650.

Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Rossi B, et al. Nutritional treatment with branched-chain amino acids in advanced liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol. 2000; 35 Suppl 12:7-12.

Marchesini G, Zoli M, Dondi C, et al. Anticatabolic effect of branched-chain amino acid-enriched solutions with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1982; 2:420-425.

Pelosi G, Proietti R, Magalini SI, et al. Anticatabolic properties of branched chain amino acids in trauma. Resuscitation. 1983; 10:153-158.

Plaitakis A, Smith J, Mandeli J, Yahr MD. Pilot trial of branched-chain amino acids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet. 1988; 1(8593):1015-1018.

Richardson MA, Bevans ML, Weber JB, et al. Branched chain amino acids decrease tardive dyskinesia symptoms. Psychopharmacol. 1999; 143:358-364.

Suryawan A, Hawes JW, Harris RA, et al. A molecular model of human branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 68:72-81.

Tandan R, Bromberg MB, Forshew D, et al. A controlled trial of amino acid therapy in amyotropic lateral sclerosis: I. Clinical, functional, and maximum isometric torque data. Neurology. 1996; 47 -1226.

Testa D, Caraceni T, Fetoni V. Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol. 1989; 236:445-447.

The Italian ALS Study Group. Branched-chain amino acids and amyotrophic sclerosis: a treatment failure? Neurology. 1993; 43:2466-2470.

BETA KAROTIN

Albanes D. Beta-carotene and lung cancer: a case study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69:1345S-1350S.

Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88:1560-1570.

Bendich A. Beta-carotene and the immune response. Proc Nutr Soc. 1991; 50:263-274.

Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 15:1483-1492.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.

Frieling UM, Schaumberg DA, Kupper TS, et al. A randomized, 12 year primary-prevention trial of beta carotene supplementation for nonmelanoma skin cancer in the Physicians' Health Study. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136:179-184.

Garewal HS, Katz RV, Meyskens F, et al. Beta-carotene produces sustained remissions in patients with oral leukoplakia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999; 125:1305-1310.

Gaziano JM. Antioxidants in cardiovascular disease: randomized trials. Nutr Rev. 1996; 54:175-177.

Goodman GE. Prevention of lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2000; 33:187-197.

Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:1145-1149.

Hughes DA, Wright AJ, Finglas PM, et al. The effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the immune function of blood monocytes from healthy male nonsmokers. J Lab Clin Med. 1997; 129:309-317.

Lee I-M, Cook NR, Manson JE, et al. Beta-carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease: The Women's Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91:2102-2106.

Liu S, Ajani U, Chae C, et al. Long-term beta-carotene supplementation and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999; 282:1073-1075.

Liu Q, Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Sugawara K. Antioxidant activities of natural 9-cis and synthetic all-trans beta-carotene assessed by human neutrophil chemiluminescence. Nutr Res. 2000; 20:5-14.

Naves MMV, Moreno FS. Beta-carotene and cancer chemoprevention: from epidemiological associations to cellular mechanisms of action. Nutr Res. 1998; 18:1807-1824.

Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of the combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:1150-1155.

Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88:1550-1559.

Paolini M, Cantelli-Forti G, Perocco P, et al. Co-carcinogenic effect of beta-carotene. Nature. 1999; 398:760-761.

Peto R, Doll R, Buckley JD, Sporn MB. Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature. 1981; 290:201-208.

Prabhala RH, Braune LM, Garewal HS, Watson RR. Influence of beta-carotene on immune functions. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1993; 691:262-263.

Pryor WA, Stahl W, Rock CL. Beta carotene: from biochemistry to clinical trials. Nutr Rev. 2000; 58:39-53.

Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, et al. Randomized trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1997; 349:1715-1720.

Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, et al. Effects of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene supplements on symptoms, progression, and prognosis of angina pectoris. Heart. 1998; 79:454-458.

Redlich CA, Chung JS, Cullen MR, et al. Effect of long-term beta-carotene and vitamin A on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels among participants in the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET). Atherosclerosis. 1999; 145:425-432.

Santos MS, Gaziano JM, Leka LS, et al. Beta-carotene-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity in elderly men: an investigation of the role of cytokines. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 68:164-170.

Santos MS, Meydani SN, Leka L, et al. Natural killer cell activity in elderly men is enhanced by beta-carotene supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996; 64:772-777.

Tavani A, La Vecchia C. Beta-carotene and risk of coronary heart disease. A review of observational and intervention studies. Biomed Pharmacother. 1999; 53:409-416.

The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta-carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:1029-1035.

van Poppel G, Spanhaak S, Ockhiuizen T. Effect of beta-carotene on immunological indexes in healthy male smokers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993; 57:402-407.

Virtano J, Rapola JM, Ripatti S, et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158:668-675.

Wang X-D, Liu C, Bronson RT, et al. Retinol signaling and activator protein-1 expression in ferrets given beta-carotene supplements and exposed to tobacco smoke. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91:60-66.

Williams AW, Boileau T W-M, Zhou JR, et al. Beta-carotene modulates human prostate cancer cell growth and may undergo intracellular metabolism to retinol. J Nutr. 2000; 130:728-732.

BILBERRY

Bertuglia S et al. Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on ischaemia reperfusion injury in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Pharmacol Res 1995; 31: 183-7.

Bettini V et al. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on vascular smooth muscle. Fitoterapia 1984; 55: 265-72.

Bettini V et al. Interactions between Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides and serotonin on splenic artery smooth muscle. Fitoterapia 1984; 55: 201-8.

Bettini V et al. Mechanical responses of isolated coronary arteries to barium in the presence of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. Fitoterapia 1985; 56: 3- 10.

Bomser J et al. In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species. Planta Med 1996; 62: 212-16.

Bottecchia D et al. Preliminary report on the inhibitory effect of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on platelet aggregation and clot retraction. Fitoterapia 1987; 58: 3-8.

Brantner A, Grein E. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts used externally in traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 1994; 44: 35-40.

Bravetti GO et al. Preventive medical treatment of senile cataract with vitamin E and Vaccinium myrtillus anthocianosides: clinical evaluation. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1989; 115: 109-16.

Cignarella A et al. Hypolipidaemic activity of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves on a new model of genetically hyperlipidaemic rat. Planta Med 1992; 58(Suppl 1): A581-2.

Cignarella A et al. Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of rat dyslipidaemia: a comparison with clofibrate. Thromb Res 1996; 84: 311-22.

Coget J, Merlen JF. Etude clinique d'un nouvel agent de protection vasculaire le difrarel 20, compose d'anthocyanosides extraits du Vaccinum myrtillus. Phlebologie 1968; 21: 221-8.

Colantuoni A et al. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on arterial vasomotion. Arzneim-Forschung 1991; 41: 905-9.

Colombo D, Vescovini R. Studio clinico controllato sull'efficacia degli antocianosidi del mirtillo cel trattamento della dismenorrea essenziale. Giorn It Ost Gin 1985; 7: 1033-8.

Detre Z et al. Studies on vascular permeability in hypertension: action of anthocyanosides. Clin Physiol Biochem 1986; 4: 143-9.

Di Pierro F, Morazzoni P. Reaping the benefits: the role of two edible plants (Vaccinium myrtillus and Glycine max). Proceedings of the Herbal Medicine in the New Millenium Conference, Lismore, NSW, Australia, 1999: 146 50.

Dombrowicz E et al. Phenolic acids in leaves of Arctostaphylos uva ursi L., Vaccinium vitis idaea L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. Pharmazie 1991; 46: 680-1.

Forte R et al. Fitotherapy and ophthalmology: considerations on dynamized myrtillus retinal effects with low luminance visual acuity. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1996; 122: 325-33.

Fraisse D et al. Composition polyphenolique de la feuille de myrtille. Ann Pharm Francais 1996; 54: 280-3.

Ionescu-Tirgoviste C et al. Efectul unui amestec pe plante asupra echilibrului metabolic la bolnavii cu diabet zaharat de tip 2. Med Intern 1989; 41: 185-92.

Jonadet M et al. Anthocyanosides extraits de Vitis vinifera, de Vaccinium myrtillus et de Pinus maritimus. J Pharm Belg 1983; 38: 41-6.

Joseph JA et al. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 8114-21.

Laplaud PM et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low-density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations. Fund Clin Pharmacol 1997; 11: 35-40.

Leonardi M. Il trattamento della mastopatia fibrosa con antocianosidi di mirtillo. Minerva Ginecol 1993; 45: 617-21.

Magistretti MJ et al. Antiulcer activity of an anthocyanidin from Vaccinium myrtillus. Arzneim-Forschung 1988; 38: 686-90.

Martin-Aragon S et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus L. Phytother Res 1998; 12(Suppl): S104-6.

Martin-Aragon S et al. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of Vaccinium myrtillus. Pharm Biol 1999; 37: 109-13.

Morazzoni P et al. Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides pharmacokinetics in rats. Arzneim-Forschung 1991; 41: 128-31.

Morazzoni P, Bombardelli. Vaccinium myrtillus L. Fitoterapia 1996; 66: 3 29.

Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Activity of Myrtocyan(R), an anthocyanin complex from Vaccinium myrtillus (VMA), on platelet aggregation and adhesiveness. Fitoterapia 1990; 61: 13-21.

Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on prostacyclin-like activity in rat arterial tissue. Fitoterapia 1986; 57: 11-14.

Neef H et al. Hypogylcaemic activity of selected European plants. Phytother Res 1995; 9: 45-8.

Perossini M et al. Diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy therapy with Vaccinium myrtillus anthocianosides (Tegens) double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1988; 113: 1173-90.

Pezzangora V et al. La terapia medica con antocianosidi del mirtillo nei pazienti operati di emorroidectomia. Gaz Med It 1984; 143: 405-9.

Piovella F et al. Impiego di antocianosidi da Vaccinium myrtillus al 25% come antocianidine nel trattamento della diatesi emorragica da deficit dell'emostasi primaria. Gaz Med It 1981; 140: 445-9.

Pulliero G et al. Ex vivo study of the inhibitory effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on human platelet aggregation. Fitoterapia 1989; 60: 69-75.

Repossi P et al. The role of anthocyanosides on vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1987; 113: 357-61.

Teglio L et al. Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides in the treatment of venous insufficiency of inferior limbs and acute piles in pregnancy. Quaderni Clin Osterica Ginecol 1987; 42: 221-31.

Tolan L et al. Utilizarea prafului de afine in dispepsiile sugarului. Pediatria 1969; 18: 375-9.

Tori A, D'Errico F. Gli antocianosidi da Vaccinium myrtillus nella cura delle flebopatie da stasi degli arti inferiori. Gaz Med It 1980; 139: 217-24.

COENZYM Q 10

Atar D, Mortensen SA, Flachs H, Herzog WR. Coenzyme Q10 protects ischemic myocardium in an open-chart swine model. Clin Investig. 1993; 71(Suppl):S103-S111.

Baggio E, Gandini R, Plancher AC, et al. Italian multicenter study on the safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive therapy in heart failure. Mol Aspects Med. 1994; 15(Suppl):287-294.

Bergossi AM, Grossi G, Fioletta PL, et al. Exogenous CoQ10 supplementation prevents plasma ubiquone reduction induced by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Mol Aspects Med. 1994; 15(Suppl):187-193.

Bliznakov EM, Wilkins DJ. Biochemical and clinical consequences of inhibiting coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis by lipid-lowering HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Advanc Therap. 1998; 15:218-228.

Chopra RK, Goldman R, Sinatra ST, Bhagavan HN. Relative bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 formulations in human subjects. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68:109-113.

Crane FL, Sun IL, Sun EE. The essential functions of coenzyme Q. Clin Investig. 1993; 71(Suppl):S55-S59.

Folkers K, Mortensen SA, Littarru GP, Yamagami T, Lenaz G, eds. The biochemical and clinical aspects of coenzyme Q. Clin Investig. 1993; 71(Suppl):S51-S178.

Folkers K. Critique of 30 years of research on hematopoietic and immunological activities of coenzyme Q10 and potentiality for therapy of AIDS and cancer. Med Chem Res. 1992; 2:48-60.

Folkers K, Hanioka T, Xia L-J, et al. Coenzyme Q10 increase T4/T8 ratios of lymphocytes in ordinary subjects and relevance to patients having the AIDS related complex. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1991; 176:786-791.

Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Willis R, et al. Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87:8931-8934.

Folkers K, Vadhanavikit S, Mortensen SA. Biochemical rationale and myocardial tissue data on the protective therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985; 82:901-904.

Ghirlanda G, Oradei A, Manto A, et al. Evidence of plasma CoQ10 -lowering effect by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Pharmacol. 1993; 33:226-229.

Hanioka T, Tanaka M, Oijima M, et al. Effect of topical application of coenzyme Q10 on adult periodontitis. Molec Aspects Med. 1994; 15 (suppl):S241-S248.

Hanaki Y, Sugiyama S, Ozawa T, Ohno M. Coenzyme Q10 and coronary artery disease. Clin Investig. 1993; 71 (suppl):S112-S115.

Henriksen JE, Andersen CB, Hother-Nielsen O, et al. Impact of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) treatment on glycaemic control, insulin requirement and well-being in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1999; 16:312-318.

Hofman-Bang C, Rehnqvist N, Swedberg K, et al. Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. The Q10 study group. J Card Fail. 1995; 1: 101-107.

Kishi H, Kishi T, Folkers K. Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. III. Inhibition of coenzyme Q10-enzymes by clinically used anti-hypertensive drugs. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975; 12:533-540.

Kishi T, Watanabe T, Folkers K. Bioenergetics in clinical medicine XV. Inhibition of coenzyme Q10-enzymes by clinically used adrenergic blockers of beta-receptors. Rev Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1977; 17:157-164.

Lampertico M, Comis S. Italian multicenter study on the efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 as adjuvant therapy in heart failure. Clin Investig. 1993; 71 (Suppl):S129-S133.

Lass A, Sohal RS. Effect of coenzyme Q10 and alpha-tocopherol content of mitochondria on the production of superoxide anion radicals. FASEB J. 2000; 14:87-94.

Lucker PW, Werzelberger N, Hennings G, Rehn D. Pharmacokinetics of coenzyme ubidecarenone in healthy volunteers. In: Folkers K, Yamamura Y, eds. Biomedical and clinical aspects of coenzyme Q. Vol 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier Sci. Publ. BV. 1984; 143-148.

Matthews RT, Yang L, Browne S, et al. Coenzyme Q10 administration increases mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95:8892-8897.

Morisco C, Trimarco B, Condorelli M. Effect of coenzyme Q10 therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: a long-term multi-center randomized study. Clinic Investig. 1993; 71(Suppl):S134-S136.

Pozzi F, Longo A, Lazzarini C, Carenzi A. Formulations of ubidecarenone with improved bioavailabiltity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1991; 37:243-246.

Spigset O. Reduced effect of warfarin caused by ubidecarenone. Lancet. 1994; 344:1372-1373..

Stocker R, Bowry VW, Frei B. Ubiquinol-10 protects human low-density lipoprotein more efficiently against lipid peroxidation than does alpha-tocopherol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991; 88:1646-50.

Tomasetti M, Littaru GP, Stocker R, Alleva R. Coenzyme Q10 enrichment decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 27:1027-1032.

Tomono Y, Hasegawa J, Seki T, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of deuterium-labeled coenzyme Q10 in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986; 24:536-541.

Watts GF, Castellucio CLA, Riceevans CLA, et al. Plasma coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) concentration in patients treated with simvastatin. J Clin Pathol. 1995; 46:1055-1057.

Watts TLP. Coenzyme Q10 and periodontal treatment: is there any beneficial effect? Br Dent J. 1995; 178:209-213.

GERSTENGRAS

Lai C-N. Chlorophyll: the active factor in wheat sprout extract inhibiting the metabolic activation of carcinogens in vitro. Nutr Cancer. 1979; 1:19-21.

Lai C-N, Dabney BJ, Shaw CR. Inhibition of in vitro metabolic activation of carcinogens by wheat sprout extracts. Nutr Cancer. 1978; 1:27-30.

Peryt B, Miloszewska J, Tudek B, et al. Antimutagenic effects of several subfractions of extract from wheat sprout toward benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutagenicity in strain TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res. 1988; 206:221-225.

Peryt B, Szymczyk T, Lesca P. Mechanism of antimutagenicity of wheat sprout extracts. Mutat Res. 1992; 269:201-215.

Tudek B, Peryt B, Miloszewska J, et al. The effect of wheat sprout extract on benzo(a)pyrene and 7,2-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene activity. Neoplasma. 1998; 35:515-523.

GLUTHATION

Anderson ME, Luo JL. Glutathione therapy: from prodrugs to genes. Semin Liver Dis. 1998; 18:415-424.

Aw TW, Wierzbicka G, Jones DP. Oral glutathione increases tissue glutathione in vivo. Chem Biol Interact. 1991; 80:89-97.

Bains JS, Shaw CA. Neurodegenerative disorders in humans: the role of glutathione in oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1997; 25:335-358.

Borok Z, Buhl R, Grimes GJ, et al. Effect of glutathione aerosol on oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in ideopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet. 1991; 338:215-216.

Broquist HP. Buthionine sulfoximine, an experimental tool to induce glutathionine deficiency: elucidation of glutathionine and ascorbate in their role as antioxidants. Nutr Rev. 1992; 50:110-111.

Brown LA, Bai C, Jones DP. Glutathione protection in aveolar type II cells from fetal and neonatal rabbits. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262:L305-L312.

Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 1995; 13:26-32.

Cheung P-Y, Wang W, Schulz R. Glutathione protects against ischemia-perfusion injury by detoxifying peroxynitrite. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000; 32:1669-1678.

De Mattia G, Bravi MC, Laurenti O, et al. Influence of reduced glutathione infusion on glucose metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1998; 47:993-997.

Exner R, Wessner B, Manhart N, Roth E. Therapeutic potential of glutathione. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2000; 112:610-616.

Favilli F, Marraccini P, Iantomasi T, Vincenzini MT. Effect of orally administered glutathione levels in osme organs of rats: role of specific transporters. Br J Nutr. 1997; 78:293-300.

Flagg EW, Coates RJ, Eley JW, et al. Dietary glutathione intake in humans and the relationship between intake and plasma total glutathionine level. Nutr Canc. 1994; 21:33-46.

Fernandes MA, Mota IM, Siva MT et al. Human erythrocytes are protected against chromate-induced peroxidation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 1999 May;43(1):38-46.

Furukawa T, Meydani SN, Blumberg JB. Reversal of age-associated decline in immune responsiveness by dietary glutathione supplementation in mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1987; 38:107-117.

Griffith OW. Biologic and pharmacologic regulation of mammalian glutathione synthesis. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 27:922-935.

Hagen TM, Jones DP. Transepithelial transport of glutathione in vascularly perfused small intestine of rat. Am J Physiol. 1987; 252(5 Pt 1):G607-G613.

Hagen TM, Wierzbicka GT, Sillau AH, et al. Bioavailability of dietary glutathione: effect on plasma concentration. Am J Physiol. 1990; 259(4 Pt 1):G524-G529.

Hayes JD, McLellan LI. Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes represent a co-ordinately regulated defence against oxidative stress. Free Rad Res. 1999; 31:273-300.

Hayes JD, Strange RC. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and their biological consequences. Pharmacology. 2000; 61:154-166.

Hercbergs A, Brok-Simoni F, Holtzman F, et al. Erythrocyte glutathione and tumor response to chemotherapy. Lancet. 1992; 339:1074-1076.

Holroyd KJ, Buhl R, Borok Z, et al. Correction of glutathione deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of HIV seropositive individuals by glutathione aerosol treatment. Thorax. 1993; 48:985-989.

Hwang C, Sinskey AJ, Lodish HF. Oxidized redox state of glutathione in the endoplasmic reticulum. Science. 1992; 257:1496-1502.

Janaky R, Ogita K, Pasqualotta BA, et al. Glutathione and signal transduction in the mammalian CNS. J Neurochem. 1999; 73:889-902.

Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Simoncic R, Bederova A et al. Nutritional risk factors of a vegetarian diet in adult lacto-ovo vegetarians. Bratisl Lek Listy 2000;101(1):38-43.

Lash LH, Hagen TM, Jones DP. Exogenous glutathione protects intestinal epithelial cells from oxidative injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986; 83:4641-4645.

Lenzi A, Culasso F, Gandini L, et al. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial of glutathione therapy in male infertility. Hum Reprod. 1993; 8:1657-1662.

Lenzi A, Picardo M, Gandini L, et al. Glutathione treatment of dyspermia: effect on the lipoperoxidation process. Hum Reprod. 1994; 9:2044-2050.

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Sternberg P Jr, Davidson PC, Jones DP, et al. Protection of retinal pigment epithelium from oxidative injury by glutathione and precursors. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 1993; 34:3661-3668.

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GLYCIN

Barbeau A. Preliminary study of glycine administration in patients with spasticity. Neurol. 1974; 24:392.

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Yagasaki K, Funabiki R. Effects of dietary supplemented amino acids on endogenous hypercholesterolemia in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1990; 36 Suppl 12:S165-S168.

GRAPEFRUITKERNEXTRAKT

Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL, et al. Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice. Gen Pharmacol. 1998; 30:771-776.

Gabetta B, Fuzzati N, Griffini A, et al. Characterization of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71:162-175.

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Yamakoshi J, Kataoka S, Koga T, Ariga T. Proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seed attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbis. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 142:139-149.

Ye X, Krohn RL, Liu W, et al. The cytotoxic effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999; 196:99-108.

Zhao J, Wang J, Chen Y, Agarwal R. Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seed in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3' -gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis. 1999; 20:1737-1745.

INDOL 3 CARBINOL

Albert-Puleo M. Physiological effects of cabbage with reference to its potential as a dietary cancer-inhibitor and its use in ancient medicine. J Ethnopharm. 1983; 9:261-272.

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Grubbs CJ, Steele VE, Casebolt T, et al. Chemoprevention of chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis by indole-3-carbinol. Anticancer Res. 1995; 15:709-716.

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KREATINMONOHYDRAT

Feldman EB. Creatine: a dietary supplement and ergogenic aid. Nutr Rev.1999; 57:45-50.

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L - ARGININ

Adams MR, McCredie R, Jessup W, et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilatation and reduces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in young men with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1997; 129:261-269.

Andres A, Morales JM, Praga M, et al. L-arginine reverses the antinatriuretic effect of cyclosporin in renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997; 12:1437-1440.

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Barbul A, Sisto DA, Wasserkrug HL, Efron G. Arginine stimulates lymphocyte immune response in healthy human beings. Surgery. 1981; 90:244-251.

Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, Galland A, et al. L-arginine-induced vasodilation in healthy humans: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998; 46:489-497.

Brandes RP, Brandes S, Boger RH, et al. L-Arginine supplementation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits normalizes leukocyte adhesion to non-endothelial matrix. Life Sci. 2000; 66:1519-1524.

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Chen J, Wollman Y, Chernichovsky T, et al. Effect of oral administration of high-dose nitric oxide donor L-arginine in men with organic erectile dysfunction: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BJU Int. 1999; 83:269-273.

Clarkson P, Adams MR, Powe AJ, et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilation in hypercholesterolemic young adults. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97:1989-1994.

Cooke JP. Singer AH, Tsao P, et al. Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J Clin Invest. 1992; 90:1168-1172.

Griffith RS, DeLong DC, Nelson JD. Relation of arginine-lysine antagonism to herpes simplex growth in tissue culture. Chemotherapy. 1981; 27:209-213.

Hambrecht R, Hilbrich L, Erbs S, et al. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: additional effects of exercise training and oral L-arginine supplementation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35:701-713.

Horton JW, White J, Maass D, Sanders B. Arginine in burn injury improves cardiac performance and prevents bacterial translocation. J Appl Physiol. 1998; 84:695-702.

Isidori A, Lo Monaco A, Cappa M. A study of growth hormone release in man after oral administration of amino acids. Current Med Res Opinion. 1981; 7:475-481.

Kapuler AM, Gurusiddiah S. The amino acids precursory to proteins are primary human food: proline, glutamine, and arginine found free in the juices of common vegetables and herbs. J Med Food. 1998; 1:97-115.

Korting GE, Smith SD, Wheeler MA, et al. A randomized double-blind trial of oral L-arginine for treatment of interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 1999; 161:558-565.

Lerman A, Burnett JC Jr, Higano ST, et al. Long-term L-arginine supplementation improves small-vessel coronary endothelial function in humans. Circulation. 1998; 97:2123-2128.

Loukides S, Kharitonov S, Wodehouse T, et al. Effect of arginine on mucocilliary function in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Lancet. 1998; 352:371-372.

Lubec B, Hayn M, Kitzmü ller E, et al. L-arginine reduces lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Free Rad Biol Med. 1997; 22:355-357.

Mantha SV. Mediation of L-arginine-induced retardation of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits by antioxidant mechanisms. Nutr Res. 1999; 10:1529-1539.

Nagase S, Takemura K, Ueda A, et al. A novel nonenzymatic pathway for the generation of nitric oxide by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and D- or L-arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997; 233:150-153.

Narita I, Border WA, Ketteler M, et al. L-arginine may mediate the therapeutic effects of low protein diets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92:4552-4556.

Park KGM, Hayes PD, Garlick PJ et al. Stimulation of lymphocyte natural cytotoxicity by L-arginine. Lancet. 1991; 337:645-646.

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Sandrini G, Franchini S, Lanfranchi S, et al. Effectiveness of ibuprofen-arginine in the treatment of acute migraine headaches. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1998; 18:145-150.

Schachter A, Goldman JA, Zuckerman Z. Treatment of oligospermia with the amino acid arginine. J Urology. 1973; 110:311-313.

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Smulders RA, Aarsen M, Teerlink T, et al. Haemodynamic and biochemical responses to L- arginine and L- lysine infusions in normal subjects: L- arginine-induced vasodilatation cannot be explained by non-specific effects of cationic amino acids. Clin Sci (Lond) 1997 Apr;92(4):367-74.

Tangphao O, Grossman M, Chalon S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral L-arginine in normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 47:261-266.

Tentolouris C, Tousoulis D, Davies GJ, et al. Serum cholesterol level, cigarette smoking, and vasomotor responses to L-arginine in narrowed epicardial coronary arteries. Amer J Cardiol. 2000; 85:500-503.

Wascher TC, Posch K, Wallner S, et al. Vascular effects of L-arginine: anything beyond a substrate for the NO-synthase? Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 19

L- CARNITIN

Bohles H, Richter K, Wagner-Thiesson E, Schafer H. Decreased serum carnitine in valproate induced Reye syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1982; 139:185-186.

Bohmer T, Rynding A, Solberg HE. Carnitine levels in human serum in health and disease. Clin Chim Acta. 1974; 57:55-61.

Borum PR. Carnitine. Ann Rev Nutr. 1983; 3:233-259.

Brevetti G, Diehm C, Lambert D. European multicenter study on propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. J Am Coll
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Brevetti G, Chiarello M, Ferulano G, et al. Increases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular disease: a double-blind, cross-over study. Circul. 1988; 77:767-773.

Brooks H, Goldberg L, Holland R, et al. Carnitine-induced effects on cardiac and peripheral hemodynamics. J Clin Pharmacol. 1977; 17:561-578.

Christiansen R, Bremer J. Active transport of butyrobetaine and carnitine into isolated liver cells. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1977; 448:562-577.

de Simone C, Famularo G, Tzantzoglov S, et al. Carnitine depletion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS: effect of L-carnitine. AIDS. 1994; 8:655-660.

Famularo G, Moretti S, Marcellini S, et al. Acetyl-carnitine deficiency in AIDS patients with neurotoxicity on treatment with antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. AIDS. 1997; 11:185-190.

Lindstedt S, Lindstedt G. Distribution and excretion of carnitine 14CO2 in the rat. Acta Chim Scand. 1961; 15:701-702.

Maebashi M, Kawamura N, Sato M, et al. Lipid-lowering effects of carnitine in patients with type-IV hypolipoproteinaemia. Lancet. 1978; 2:805-807.

Marzo A, Arrigoni Martelli E, Mancinelli A, et al. Protein binding of L-carnitine family components. Eur J Drug Met Pharmacokin Special Issue III. 1992; 364-368.

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Prockup LD, Engel WK, Shug AL. Nearly fatal muscle carnitine deficiency with full recovery after replacement therapy. Neurol. 1983; 33:1629-1631.

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Rebouche CJ. Carnitine function and requirements during the life cycle. FASEB J. 1992; 6:3379-3386.

Rebouche CJ, Engel AG. Carnitine metabolism and deficiency syndromes. Mayo Clin Proc. 1983; 58:533-540.

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Rossi CS, Siliprandi N. Effects of carnitine on serum HDL-cholesterol: report of two cases. Johns Hopkins Medical J. 1982; 150:51-54.

Sachan DS, Rhew TH, Ruark RA. Ameliorating effects of carnitine on alcohol-induced fatty liver. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984; 39:738-744.

Triggs WJ, Bohan TP, Shen-Nan L, Wilmore J. Valproate-induced coma with ketosis and carnitine insufficiency. Arch Neurol. 1990; 47:1131-1133.

Vacha GM, Giorcelli G, Siliprandi N, Corsi G. Favorable effects of L-carnitine treatment on hypertriglyceridemia in hemodialysis patients: decisive role of low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983; 38:532-540.

L-CARNOSIN

Atwood CS, Moir RD, Huang X, et al. Dramatic aggregation of Alzheimer Ab by Cu(II) is induced by conditions representing physiological acidosis. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273(21):12817-26.

Bierhaus A, Hofmann MA, Ziegler R, et al. AGEs and their interaction with AGE-receptors in vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. I. The AGE concept. Cardiovascular Research. 1998; 37(3):586-600.

Boldyrev A, Song R, Lawrence D, et al. Carnosine protects against excitotoxic cell death independently of effects on reactive oxygen species. Neuroscience. 1999; 94(2):571-7.

Boldyrev AA, Stvolinsky SL, Tyulina OV, et al. Biochemical and physiological evidence that carnosine is an endogenous neuroprotector against free radicals. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1997; 17(2):259-71.

Brownson C, Hipkiss AR. Carnosine reacts with a glycated protein. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28(10):1564-70.

Burcham PC, Kerr PG, Fontaine F. The antihypertensive hydralazine is an efficient scavenger of acrolein. Redox Rep. 2000; 5(1):47-9.

Butterfield DA. Alzheimer's b-amyloid peptide and free radical oxidative stress. Gilbert DL and Colton CA, editors. Reactive oxygen species in biological systems: an interdisciplinary approach. New York, 1999. Pp. 609-638.

Carney JM, Smith CD, Carney AM, et al. Aging- and oxygen-induced modifications in brain biochemistry and behavior. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1994; 738:44-53.

Carney JM, Starke-Reed PE, Oliver CN, et al. Reversal of age-related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-alpha phenylnitrone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991; 88(9):3633-6.

Cherny RA, Legg JT, McLean CA, et al. Aqueous dissolution of Alzheimer's disease Ab amyloid deposits by biometal depletion. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274(33):23223-8.

Doble A. The role of excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease: implications for therapy. Pharmacol Ther. 1999; 81(3):163-221.

Gille JJ, Pasman P, van Berkel CG, et al. Effect of antioxidants on hyperoxia-induced chromosomal breakage in Chinese hamster ovary cells: protection by carnosine. Mutagenesis. 1991; 6(4):313-8.

Gulyaeva NV. Superoxide-scavenging activity of carnosine in the presence of copper and zinc ions. Biochemistry (Moscow). 1987; 52(7 Part 2):1051-4.

Gulyaeva NV, Dupin AM, Levshina IP. Carnosine prevents activation of free-radical lipid oxidation during stress. Bull Exp Biol Med. 1989; 107(2):148-152.

Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 1965; 37:614-36.

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Hipkiss AR, Brownson C. A possible new role for the anti-ageing peptide carnosine. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000; 57(5):747-53.

Hipkiss AR, Chana H. Carnosine protects proteins against methylglyoxal-mediated modifications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998; 248(1):28-32.

Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-carnosine, a potential anti-protein-cross-linking agent. FEBS Lett. 1995; 371(1):81-5.

Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P, et al. Strategies for the extension of human life span. Perspect Hum Biol. 1995; 1:59-70.

Hipkiss AR, Preston JE, Himswoth DT, et al. Protective effects of carnosine against malondialdehyde-induced toxicity towards cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett. 1997; 238(3):135-8.

Horning MS, Blakemore LJ, Trombley PQ. Endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection: role of zinc, copper, and carnosine. Brain Res. 2000; 852(1):56-61.

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Ikeda D, Wada S, Yoneda C, et al. Carnosine stimulates vimentin expression in cultured rat fibroblasts. Cell Struct Funct. 1999; 24(2):79-87.

Kantha SS, Wada S, Tanaka H, et al. Carnosine sustains the retention of cell morphology in continuous fibroblast culture subjected to nutritional insult. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996; 223(2):278-82.

Kasai H. Analysis of a form of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, as a marker of cellular oxidative stress during carcinogenesis. Mutat Res. 1997; 387(3):147-63.

McFarland GA, Holliday R. Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine. Exp Cell Res 1994; 212(2):167-75.

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Wang AM, Ma C, Xie ZH, et al. Use of carnosine as a natural anti-senescence drug for human beings. Biochemistry (Moscow). 2000; 65(7):869-71.

Yuneva MO, Bulygina ER, Gallant SC, et al. Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-accelerated mice. J Anti-Aging Med. 1999; 2(4):337-42.

Zaloga GP, Roberts PR, Black KW. Carnosine is a novel peptide modulator of intracellular calcium and contractility in cardiac cells. Am J Physiol 1997; 272(1 Pt 2):H462-8.

L- HISTIDIN

Blumenkrantz MJ, Shapiro DJ, Swendseid ME, Kopple JD. Histidine supplementation for treatment of anaemia of uraemia. Br Med J. 1975; 2(5970):530-533.

Gerber DA. Decreased concentration of free histidine in serum in rheumatoid arthritis, an isolated amino acid abnormality not associated with generalized hypoaminoacidemia. J Rheumatol. 1975; 2:384-392.

Gerber DA. Low free serum histidine concentration in rheumatoid arthritis. A measure of disease activity. J Clin Invest. 1975; 55:1124-1173.

Gerber DA, Sklar JE, Niedwiadowiez J. Lack of effect of oral L-histidine on the serum cholesterol in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971; 24:1382-1383.

Gerber DA, Tanenbaum L, Ahr ens M. Free serum histidine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and control subjects following an oral load of free L-histidine. Metabolism. 1976; 25:655-657.

Ghezzo F, Racca S, Conti G, et al. L-histidine medroxyprogesterone acetate interaction modulates human breast cancer cell growth and progestin receptor expression in vitro. Pharmacy Res. 1997; 35:119-122.

Griswold DE, Alessi S, Badger AM, et al. Inhibitions of T suppressor cell expression by histamine type 2 (H2 ) receptor antagonists. J Immunol. 1984; 132:3054-3057.

Hellstrand K, Dalgren C, Hermodsson S. Histaminergic regulation of NK cells. Role of monocyte-derived reactive oxygen metabolites. J Immunol. 1994; 153:4940-4947.

Lee NS, Fitzpatrick D, Meier E, Fisher H. Influence of dietary histidine on tissue histamine concentration, histidine decorboxylase and histamine methyltransferase activity in the rat. Agents Actions. 1981; 11:307-311.

Pinals RS, Harris ED, Burnett JB, Gerber DA. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with L-histidine: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Rheumatol. 1977; 4:414-419.

L - LYSIN

Civitelli R, Villareal DT, Agnusedei D, et al. Dietary L-lysine and calcium metabolism in humans. Nutrition. 1992; 8:400-405.

Di Giovanna JJ, Blank H. Failure of lysine in frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection. Treatment and prophylaxis. Arch Dermatol. 1984; 120:48-51.

Flondin NW. The metabolic roles, pharmacology, and toxicology of lysine. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997; 16:7-21.

Griffith RS, De Long DC, Nelson JD. Relation of L-arginine-lysine antagonism to herpes simplex growth in tissue culture. Chemotherapy. 1981; 27:209-213.

Griffith RS, Walsh DE, Myrmel KH, et al. Success of L-lysine therapy in frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection. Treatment and prophylaxis. Dermatologica. 1987; 175:183-190.

Lo JC, Chertow GM, Rennke H, Seifter JL. Fanconi's syndrome and tubulointestinal nephritis in association with L-lysine ingestion. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996; 28:614-617.

McCune MA, Perry HO, Muller SA, O'Fallon WM. Treatment of recurrent herpes simplex infections with L-lysine monohydrochloride. Cutis. 1984; 34:366-373.

Rajamohan T, Kurup PA. Lysine: arginine ratio of a protein influences cholesterol metabolism: Part 1-studies on sesame protein having low lysine: arginine ratio. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997; 35:1218-1223.

Thein DJ, Hurt WC. Lysine as a prophylactic agent in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984; 58:659-666.

L- ORNITHIN

Barbul A. Arginine: biochemistry, physiology, and therapeutic implications. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1986; 10:227-238.

Bucci L, Hickson JF Jr, et al. Ornithine ingestion and growth hormone release in bodybuilders. Nutr Res. 1990; 10:239-245.

Bucci LR, Hickson JF Jr, Wolinsky I, Pivarnik JM. Ornithine supplementation and insulin release in bodybuilders. Int J Sport Nut. 1992; 2:289-291.

DeBandt J-P, Coudray-Lucas C, Lioret N, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the influence of the mode of enteral ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate administration in burn patients. J Nutr. 1998; 128:563-569.

Elam RP, Hardin DH, Sutton RA, Hagen L. Effects of arginine and ornithine on strength, lean body mass and urinary hydroxyproline in adult males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1989; 29:52-56.

Fogelholm GM, Naveri HK, Kiilavuori KT, Harkoner MH. Low-dose amino acid supplementation: no effects on serum human growth hormone and insulin in male weightlifters. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993; 3:290-297.

Iwasaki K, Mano K, Ishihara M, et al. Effects of ornithine or arginine administration on serum amino acid levels. Biochem Int. 1987; 14:971-976.

Jeevanandam M, Holaday NJ, Petersen SR. Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG) supplementation is more effective than its component salts in traumatized rats. J Nutr. 1996; 126:2141-2150.

Lambert MI, Hefer JA, Millar RP, Macfarlane PW. Failure of commercial oral amino acid supplements to increase serum growth hormone concentrations in male body builders. Int J Sport Med. 1993; 3:298-305.

Torre PM, Ronnenberg AG, Hartman WJ, Prior RL. Supplemental arginine and ornithine do not affect splenocyte proliferation in surgically treated rats. J Parenter Enteral Nut. 1993; 17:532-536.

L-TRYPTOPHAN

Boiardi A, Picotti GB, Di Giulio AM, et al. Platelet met-enkephalin immunoreactivity and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in migraine patients: effects of 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, amitriptyline and chlorimipramine treatment.Cephalalgia. 1984; 4:81-84.

Byerley WF, Judd LL, Reimherr FW, et al. 5-Hydroxy-tryptophan: a review of its antidepressant efficacy and adverse effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987; 7:127-137.

Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cascino A, et al. Eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:863-867.

Cangiano C, Laviano A, Del Ben M, et al. Effects of oral5-hydroxytryptophan on energy intake and macronutrient selection in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Obes Relat MetabDisord. 1998; 22:648-654.

Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1990;18:201-209.

Ceci F, Cangiano C, Cairella M, et al. The effects of oral 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on feeding behavior in obese adult female subjects. J Neural Transm. 1989;76:109-117.

Genazzani AR, Sandrini G, Facchinetti F, et al. Effects of L-5HTP with and without carbidopa on plasma beta-endorphin and pain perception. Possible implications in migraine prophylaxis.Cephalalgia. 1986; 6:241-245.

Gwaltney-Brant SM, Albertsen JC, Khan SA. 5-Hydroxy-trytophan toxicosis in dogs: 21 cases (1989-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc.2000; 216:1937-1940.

Imeri L, Mancia M, Bianchi S, Opp MR. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, but not L-tryptophan, alters sleep and brain temperature in rats.Neuroscience. 2000; 95:445-452.

Klarskov K, Johnson KL, Benson LM, et al. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome case-associated contaminants in commercially available 5-hydroxytryptophan. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:461-468.

Michelson D, Page SW, Casey R, et al. An eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome related disorder associated with exposure to L-5-hydroxytryptophan. J Rheumatol. 1994; 21:2261-2265.

Nicoladi M, Sicuteri F. L-5-hydroxytryptophan can prevent nocioceptive disorders in man. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:177-182.
Puttini PS, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res.1992; 20:182-189.

Ribeiro CA. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in the prophylaxis of chronic tension-type headache: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. For the Portuguese Head Study. Headache. 2000; 40:451-456.

Sternberg EM, Van Woert MH, Young SN, et al. Development of ascleroderma-like illness during therapy with L-5-hydroxy-tryptophan and carbidopa. N Eng J Med. 1980;303:782-787.

Williamson BL, Klarskov K, Tolminson A J, et al. Problems with over-the-counter 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. Nat Med. 1998;4:983.
Yamada J, Ujikawa M, Sugimoto Y. Serum leptin levels after central and systemic injection of a serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000;406:159-162.

Zhou SY, Goshgarian HG. 5-Hydroxytryptophan-induced respiratory recovery after cervical spinal cord hemisection in rats. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 89:1528-1536.

LECITHIN

Atoba MA, Ayoola EA, Ogunseyinde O. Effects of essential phospholipid choline on the course of acute hepatitis-B infection. Trop Gastroenterol. 1985; 6:96-9.

Buko V, Lukivskaya O, Nikitin V, et al. Hepatic and pancreatic effects of polyenoylphosphatidylcholine in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Cell Biochem Funct. 1996; 14:131-137.

Canty DJ, Zeisel SH. Lecithin and choline in human health and disease. Nutr Rev. 1994; 52:327-339.

Cohen BM, Lipinski JF, Altesman RI. Lecithin in the treatment of mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 1982; 139:1162-1164.

Gelenberg AJ, Dorer DJ, Wojcik JD, et al. A crossover study of lecithin treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990; 51:149-153.

Growdon JH, Gelenberg AJ, Doller J, et al. Lecithin can suppress tardive dyskinesia. N Engl J Med. 1978; 298:1029-1030.

Hanin I, Ansell GB, eds. Lecithin. Technological, Biological and Therapeutic Aspects. New York and London: Plenum Press; 1987.

Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH, Wurtman RJ. Relations between dietary choline or lecithin intake, serum choline levels, and various metabolic indices. Metabolism. 1978; 27:953-960.

Jackson IV, Nuttall EA, Ibe IO, Perez-Cruet J. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with lecithin. Am J Psychiatry. 1979; 136:1458-1460.

Jenkins PJ, Portmann BP, Eddleston AL, Williams R. Use of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis: results of prospective double-blind controlled trial. Liver. 1982; 2:7-81.

Kosina F, Budka K, Kolouch Z, et al. Essential cholinephospholipids in the treatment of virus hepatitis. Cas Lek Cesk. 1981; 120:957-960.

Lieber CS, Leo MA, Aleynik SI, et al. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997; 21:375-379.

Lieber CS, De Carl LM, Mak KM, et al. Attenuation of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis by polyunsaturated lecithin. Hepatol. 1990; 12:1390-1398.

Little A, Levy R, Chuaqui-Kidd P, Hand D. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neur Neurosurg Psych. 1985; 48:736-742.

Visco G. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in association with vitamin B complex in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis B. results of a randomized double-blind clinical study. Clin Ter. 1985; 114:183-188.

Wurtman RJ, Hefti F, Melamed E. Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis. Pharmac Rev. 1981; 32:315-335.

Wurtman RJ, Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH. Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels. Lancet. 1977; 2(8028):68-69.

LEINSAMENÖL

Allman MA, Penna MM, Pang D. Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflower seed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995; 49:169-178.

Bagga D, Capone S, Wang HJ et al. Dietary modulation of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in patients with breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Aug6;89(15):1123-31,

Fisher S, Honigmann, G, Hora C, et al. Results of linseed oil and olive oil therapy in hyperlipoproteinemia patients. [Article in German]. Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr. 1984; 44:245-251.

Indu M, Ghafoorunissa. n-3 fatty acids in Indian diets: comparison of the effects of precursor (alpha-linolenic acid) vs. product (long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids). Nutr Res. 1992; 12:569-582.

James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(Suppl):343S-348S.

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, et al. Health aspects of partially defatted flaxseed, including effects on serum lipids, oxidative measures, and ex vivo androgen and progestin activity: a controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69:395-402.

Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND. Reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by CDC-flaxseed with very low alpha-linolenic acid. Atherosclerosis. 1998; 136:367-375.

Prasad K. Dietary flaxseed in prevention of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1997; 132:69-76.

Rozanova IA, Pogozheva AV, Kupakova SN, et al. Effect of anti-atherosclerotic diet, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family from flax oil, on fatty acid composition of cell membranes of patients with ischemic heart disease, hypertensive disease and hyperlipoproteinemia. [Article in Russian]. Vopr Pitan. 1997; (5):15-17.

Simopoulos AP. New products from the agri-food industry: the return of n-3 fatty acids into the food supply. Lipids. 1999; 34 Suppl:S297-S301.

Singer P, Wirth M, Berg, I. A possible contribution of decrease in free fatty acids to low serum triglyceride after diets supplemented with n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 1990; 83:167-175.

Tou JC, Thompson LU. Exposure to flaxseed or its lignan component during different developmental stages influences rat mammory gland structures. Carcinogenesis. 1999; 20:1831-1835.

Walton JP, Bond JM, Julian RJ, Squires EJ. Effect of dietary flax oil and hypobaric hypoxia on pulmonary hypertension and haematological variables in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 1999; 40:385-391.

LIGNANE

Apers S, Paper D, Burgermeister J et al. Antiangiogenic activity of synthetic dihydrobenzofuran lignans. J Nat Prod 2002 May; 65(5):718-20.

Kitts DD, Yuan YV, Wijewickreme AN, Thompson LU. Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999; 202:91-100.

Li D, Yee JA, Thompson LU, Yan L. Dietary supplementation with secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) reduces experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Cancer Letters. 1999; 142:91-96.

Pool-Zobel BL, Adlercreutz H, Glei M, et al. Isoflavonoids and lignans have different potentials to modulate oxidative genetic damage in human colon cells. Carcinogenesis. 2000; 21:1247-1252.

Prasad K. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging property of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside isolated from flax-seed. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997; 168:117-123.

Prasad K. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of diabetes in diabetic BB prone rats: effect of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). Mol Cell Biochem. 2000; 209:89-96.

Prasad K. Reduction of serum cholesterol and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits by secoisolariciresinol diglucoside isolated from flaxseed. Circulation. 1999; 99:1355-1362.

Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND. Protective effect of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside against streptozotocin-induced diabetes and its mechanism. Mol Cell Biochem. 2000; 206:141-150.

Schottner M, Spiteller G. Lignans interfering with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to human sex hormone-binding globulin. J Nat Prod. 1998; 61:119-121.

Thompson LU, Seidl MM, Rickard SE, et al. Antitumorigenic effect of a mammalian lignan precursor from flaxseed. Nutr Cancer. 1996; 26:159-165.

LUTEIN

Berendschot TT, Goldbohm RA, Klö pping WA, et al. Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41:3322-3326.

Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW et al. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients. Ophthalmology 2002 Oct;109(10):1780-7.

Bone RA, Landrum JT, Dixon Z, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the eyes, serum and diet of human subjects. Exp Eye Res. 2000; 71:239-245.

Bone RA, Landrum JT, Friedes LM, et al. Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retinal. Exp Eye Res. 1997; 64:211-218.

Bone RA, Landrum JT, Tarsis SL. Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Vision Res. 1985; 25:1531-1535.

Bowen PE, Clark JP. Lutein esters having high bioavailability. International patent publication number: WO 98/45241. International publication date: 15 October 1998.

Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in U.S. men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:517-524.

Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in U.S. women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:509-516.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000:325-382.

Erdman JW Jr. Variable bioavailability of carotenoids from vegetables (editorial). Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:179-180.

Garnett KM, Glerhart DL, Guerra-Santos LH. Method of making pure 3R-3' R stereoisomer of zeaxanthin for human ingestion. United States Patent Number: 5,854,015. Date of Patent: Dec. 29, 1998.

Hammond BR Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Density of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. Optom Vis Sci. 1997; 74:499-504.

Handelman GJ, Nightingale ZD, Lichtenstein AH, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:247-251.

Khachik F. Process for extraction and purification of lutein, zeaxanthin and rare carotenoids from marigold flowers and plants. International patent publication number: WO 99/20587. International publication date: 29 April 1999.

Koonsvitsky BP, Berry DA, Jones MB, et al. Olestra affects serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids but not vitamin D or vitamin K status in free-living subjects. J Nutr. 1997; 127(8 Suppl):1636S-1645S.

Kostic D, White WS, Olson JA. Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995; 62:604-610.

Kruger CL, Murphy M, De Freitas Z et al. An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived froma new source : case study using a crystalline lutein product. Food Chem Toxicol 2002 Nov;40(11):1535-49.

Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, et al. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Exp Eye Res. 1997; 65:57-62.

Mares-Perlman JA. Too soon for lutein supplements (editorial). Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:431-432.

Nussbaum JJ, Pruett RC, Delori FC. Historic perspectives. Macular yellow pigment. The first 200 years. Retina. 1981; 1:296-310.

Olson JA. Carotenoids. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1999:525-541.

Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van het Hof KH, et al. Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71:1187-1193.

Siems WG, Sommerburg O, van Kuijk FJ. Lycopene and beta-carotene decompose more rapidly than lutein and zeaxanthin upon exposure to various pro-oxidants in vitro. Biofactors. 1999; 10:105-113.

Sommerburg O, Keunen JE, Bird AC, et al. Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes. B J Opthalmol. 1998; 82:907-910.

Sommerburg OG, Siems WG, Hurst JS, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with photoreceptors in the human retina. Curr Eye Res. 1999; 19:491-495.

van den Berg H. Effect of lutein on beta-carotene absorption and cleavage. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68:360-365.

van het Hof KH, Brouwer IA, West CE, et al. Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:261-268.

LYCOPENE

Agarwal S, Rao AV. Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases. CMAJ. 2000; 163:739-744.

Agarwal S, Rao AV. Tomato lycopene and low density lipiprotein oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. Lipids. 1998; 33:981-984.

Arab L, Steck S. Lycopene and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(suppl); 1691S-1695S.

Bohm Y, Bitsch R. Intestinal absorption of lycopene from different matrices and interactions to other carotenoids, the lipid status, and the antioxidant capacity of human plasma. Eur J Nutr. 1999; 38:118-125.

Boileau AC, Merchen NR, Wasson K, et al. Cis-lycopene is more bioavailable than trans-lycopene in vitro and in vivo in lymph-cannulated ferrets. J Nutr. 1999; 129:1176-1181.

Bramley PM. Is lycopene beneficial to human health? Phytochem. 2000; 54:233-236.

Clinton SK. Lycopene: chemistry, biology, and implications for human health and disease. Nutr Rev. 1998; 56:35-51.

Clinton SK, Emenhiser C, Schwartz SJ, et al. Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996; 5:823-833.

Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, et al. Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res. 1999; 59:1225-1230.

Gartner C, Stahl W, Sies H. Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66:116-122.

Gianetti J, Pedrinelli R, Petrucci R, Lazzerini G, De Caterina M et al. Inverse association between carotid intima-media thickness and the antioxidant lycopene in atheosclerosis. Am Heart J 2002 Mar;143(3):467-74.

Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: Review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91:317-331.

Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87:1767-1976.

Hadley CW, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. The consumption of processed tomato products enhances plasma lycopene concentrations in association with a reduced lipoprotein sensivity to oxidative damage. J Nutr 2003 Mar;133(3):727-32.

Johnson EJ. The role of lycopene in health and disease. Nutr Clin Care. 2000; 3:35-43.

Johnson EJ, Qin J, Krinsky NI, Russell RM. Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. J Nutr. 1997; 127:1833-1837.

Leal M, Shimada S, Ruiz F, et al. Effect of lycopene on lipid peroxidation and glutathione-dependent enzymes induced by T-2 toxin in vivo. Toxicol Lett. 1999; 109:1-10.

Livny O, Kaplan I, Reifen R et al. Lycopene inhibits proliferation and enhances gap-junction communication of KB-1 human oral tumor cells. J Nutr 2002 Dec,132(12):3754-9.

Michaud DS, Feskanich D, Rimm EB, et al. Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective U.S. cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72:990-997.

Offord EA, Gautier JC, Avanti O et al. Photoprotective potential of lycopene, beta-carotene, vita- min E, vitamin c and carnosic acid in UVA - irradiated human skin fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2002 Jun 15;32(12):1293-303.

Oldemilla B, Granado F, Southon S, et al. A European mulicentre, placebo-controlled supplementation study with alpha-tocopherol, carotenerich palm oil, lutein or lycopene: analysis of serum responses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002 Apr;102(4):447-56.

Paetau I, Rao D, Wiley ER, et al. Carotenoids in human buccal mucosa cells after 4 wk of supplementation with tomato juice or lycopene supplements. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70:490-494.

Rao AV, Agarwal S. Bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant properties of lycopene from tomato products and their possible role in the prevention of cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1998; 31:199-203.

Rao AV, Agarwal S. Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: a review. Nutr Res. 1999; 19:305-323.

Rao AV, Fleshner N, Agarwal S. Serum and tissue lycopene and biomarkers of oxidation in prostate cancer patients: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer. 1999; 33:159-164.

Riso P, Pinder A, Santangelo A, Porrini M. Does tomato consumption effectively increase the resistance of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage? Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69:712-718.

Sengupta A, Das S. The anti-carcinogenic role of lycopene, abundantly present in tomato. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999; 8:325-330.

Sies H, Stahl W. Lycopene: antioxidant and biological effects and its bioavailability in the human. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1998; 218:121-124.

Sutherland WH, Walker RJ, De Jong SA, Upritchard JE. Supplementation with tomato juice increases plasma lycopene but does not alter susceptibility to oxidation of low-density lipoproteins from renal transplant patients. Clin Nephrol. 1999; 52:30-36.

L- PHENYLALANIN

Birkmayer W, Riederer P, Linauer W, Knoll J. L-deprenyl plus L-phenylalanine in the treatment of depression. J Neural Transm. 1984; 59:81-87.

Camacho F, Mazuecos J. Treatment of vitiligo with oral and topical phenylalanine: 6 years of experience. Arch Dermatol. 1999; 135:216-217.

Gardos G, Cole JO, Matthews JD, et al. The acute effects of a loading dose of phenylalanine in unipolar depressed patients with and without tardive dyskinesia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1992; 6:241-247.

Gibbs J, Falasco JD, McHugh PR. Cholecystokinin-decreased food intake in rhesus monkeys. Am J Physiol. 1976; 230:15-18.

Kostiuk PG, Martyniuk AE. [Possible molecular mechanisms of brain dysfunction in phenylketonuria.] [Article in Russian.] Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1992; Jul-Aug(4):34-36.

Kuiters GR, Hup JM, Siddiqui AH, Cormane RH. Oral phenylalanine loading and sunlight as source of UVA irradiation in vitiligo on the Caribbean island of Curacao. J Trop Med Hyg. 1986; 89:149-155.

Mosnik DM, Spring B, Rogers K, Baruah S. Tardive dyskinesia exacerbated after ingestion of phenylalanine by schizophrenic patients. Neuropsycopharmacology. 1997; 16:136-146.

Sabelli HC, Fawcett J, Gusovsky F, et al. Clinical studies on the phenylalanine hypothesis of affective disorder: urine and blood phenylacetic acid and phenylalanine dietary supplements. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986; 47:66-70.

Schulpis CH, Antoniou C, Michas T, Starigos J. Phenylalanine plus ultraviolet light: preliminary report of a promising treatment for childhood vitiligo. Pediatr Dermatol. 1989; 6:332-335.

Siddiqui AH, Stolk LM, Bhaggoe R, et al. L-phenylalanine and UVA irradiation in the treatment of vitiligo. Dermatology. 1994; 188:215-218.

Zhao G. [Inherited metabolic aberration of phenylalanine in the family members of patients with essential hypertension and stroke]. [Article in Chinese]. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih. 1991; 71:388-390.

MAGNESIUM-ASPOROTAT

Abbott L, Nadler J, Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism: possible contribution to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994; 18:1076-1082.

Altura BM, Altura BT. Role of magnesium and calcium in alcohol-induced hypertension and strokes as probed by in vivo television microscopy, digital image microscopy, optical spectroscopy, 31P-NMR, spectroscopy and a unique magnesium ion-selective electrode. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994; 18:1057-1068.

Baxter GF, Sumeray MS, Walker JM. Infant size and magnesium: insights into LIMIT-2 and ISIS-4 from experimental studies. Lancet. 1996; 348:1424-1426.

Britton J, Pavord I, Richards K, et al. Dietary magnesium, lung function, wheezing, and airway hyper-reactivity in a random adult population sample. Lancet. 1994; 344:357-362.

Casscells W. Magnesium and myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994; 343:807-809.

Christiansen CW, Rieder MA, Silverstein EL, Gencheff NE. Magnesium sulfate reduces myocardial infarct size when administered before but not after coronary reperfusion in a canine model. Circulation. 1995; 92:2617-2621.

de Lourdes Lima M, Cruz T, Carreiro Pousada J, et al. The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21:682-686.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.

Durlach J, Durlach V, Bac P, et al. Magnesium and therapeutics. Magnes Res. 1994; 7:313-328.

Elisaf M, Merkouropoulos M, Tsianos EV. Siamopoulos KC. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hypomagnesemia in alcoholic patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1995; 9:210-214.

Facchinetti F, Borella P, Sances G, et al. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes. Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 78:177-181.

Gullestad L, Dolva LO, Soyland E, et al. Oral magnesium supplementation improves metabolic variables and muscle strength in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992; 16:986-990.

Herzog WR, Schlossberg ML, MacMurdy KS, et al. Timing of magnesium therapy affects experimental infarct size. Circulation. 1995; 92:2622-2626.

Iseri LT, French JH. Magnesium: nature's physiologic calcium blocker. Am Heart J. 1984; 108:188-193.

ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulfate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1995; 345:669-685.

Jermain DM, Crisman ML, Nisbet RB. Controversies over the use of magnesium sulfate in delirium tremens. Ann Pharmacother. 1992; 26:650-652.

Kao WHL, Folsom AR, Nieto J, et al. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (editorial). Arch. Int Med. 1999; 159:2151-2159.

Lim R, Herzog WR. Magnesium for cardiac patients: is it a valuable treatment supplement? Contemp Int Med. 1998; 10:6-9.

Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ, Cunningham FG. A comparison of magnesium sulfate with phenytoin for the prevention of eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333:201-205.

Martini LA. Magnesium supplementation and bone turnover. Nutr Rev. 1999; 57:227-229.

Mauskop A, Altura BM. Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraines. Clin Neurosci. 1998; 5:24-27.

Orchard TJ. Magnesium and type 2 diabetes mellitus (editorial). Arch Int Med. 1999; 159:2119-2120.

Peikert A, Wilimzig C, Kohne-Volland R. Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia. 1996; 16:257-263.

Paolisso G, Sgamabato S, Pizza G, et al. Improved insulin response and action by chronic magnesium administration in aged NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1989; 12:265-269.

Rivlin RS. Magnesium deficiency and alcohol intake: mechanisms, clinical significance and possible relation to cancer development (a review). J Am Coll Nutr. 1994; 13:416-423.

Roberts JM. Magnesium for preeclampsia and eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333:250-251.

Roffe C, Fletcher S, Woods KL. Investigation of the effects of intravenous magnesium sulphate on cardiac rhythm in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J. 1994; 71:141-145.

Saris N-EL, Mervaala E, Karppanen H, et al. Magnesium. An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects (review). Clinica Chimica Acta. 2000; 294:1-26.

Schendel DE, Berg CJ, Yeargin-Allsopp M, et al. Prenatal magnesium sulfate exposure and the risk for cerebral palsy or mental retardation among very low-birth-weight children aged 3 to 5 years. JAMA. 1996; 276:1805-1810.

Shils ME. Magnesium. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9^th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1999:169-192.

Sojka JE. Magnesium supplementation and osteoporosis. Nutr Rev. 1995; 53:71-80.

Terblanche S, Noakes TD, Dennis SC, et al. Failure of magnesium supplementation to influence marathon running performance or recovery in magnesium-replete subjects. Int J Sports Nutr. 1992; 2:154-164.

Toba Y, Kajita Y, Masuyama R, et al. Dietary magnesium supplementation affects bone metabolism and dynamic strength of bone in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr. 2000; 130:216-220.

Tosiello L. Hypomagnesemia and diabetes mellitus. A review of clinical implications. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 156:1143-1148.

Woods KL, Fletcher S. Long-term outcome after intravenous magnesium sulphate in suspected acute myocardial infarction: the second Leicester Intravenous Magnesium Intervention Trial (LIMIT-2). Lancet. 1994; 343:816-819.

MSM - Methylsulfonylmethan

Childs SJ. Dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. Urol Clin North Am. 1994; 21:85-98.

Kandorf H, Chirra AR, De Gruccio A, Girman DJ. Dimethyl sulfoxide modulation of diabetes onset in NOD mice. Diabetes. 1989; 38:194-197.

Kocsis JJ, Harkaway S, Snyder R. Biological effects of the metabolites of dimethyl sulfoxide. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1975; 243:104-109.

Layman DL. Growth inhibitory effects of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1987; 23:422-428.

Morton JI, Siegel BV. Effects of oral dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone on murine autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1986; 183; 227-230.

O'Dwyer PJ, McCabe DP, Sickle-Santanello BJ, et al. Use of polar solvents in chemoprevention of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Cancer. 1988; 62:944-948.

Pearson TW, Dawson HJ, Lackey HB. Natural occurring levels of dimethyl sulfoxide in selected fruits, vegetables, grains and beverages. J Agric Food Chem. 1989; 29:1089-1091.

Richmond VL, Incorporation of methylsulfonylmethane sulfur into guinea pig serum proteins. Life Sci. 1986; 39:263-268.

Rose SE, Chalk JB, Galloway GJ, Doddrell DM. Detection of dimethyl sulfone in the human brain by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Imaging. 2000; 18:95-98.

NAC - N-Acetylcystein

Ahola T, Fellman V, Laaksonen R, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in pre-term new-born infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 1999; 55:645-650.

Ardissino D, Melini PA, Savonitto S, et al. Effect of transdermal nitroglycerin or N-acetylcysteine, or both, in the long-term treatment of unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol . 1997; 29:941-947.

Bongers V, de Jong J, Steen I, et al. Antioxidant-related parameters in patients treated for cancer chemoprevention with N-acetylcysteine. Europ J Cancer . 1995; 31A:921-923.

Colombo AA, Alessandrino EP, Bernasconi P, et al. N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of steroid-resistant acute graft-versus-host-disease: preliminary results. Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO) Transplantation . 1999; 68:1414-1416.

Dawson AH, et al. Adverse reactions to N-acetylcysteine during treatment for paracetamol poisoning. Med J Aust . 1989; 150:329-331.

De Flora S, Grassi C, Carati L. Attenuation of influence-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term N-acetylcysteine treatment. Eur RespirJ . 1997; 10:1535-1541.

DeVries N, De Flora S. N-acetyl-L-cysteine. J Cell Biochem . 1993; Supp 17F:270-277.

Gavish D, Breslow JL. Lipoprotein (a) reduction by N-acetylcysteine. Lancet . 1991; 337:203-204.

Harrison PM, Wendon JA, Gimson AES, et al. Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure. N Engl J Med . 1991; 324:1852-1857.

Ho E, Chen G, Bray TM. Supplementation of N-acetylcysteine inhibits NFkappaB activation and protects against alloxan-induced diabetes in CD-1 mice. FASEB J . 1999; 13:1845-1854.

Hogan JC, Lewis MJ, Henderson AH. N-acetylcysteine fails to attenuate haemodynamic tolerance to glyceryl trinitrate in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1989; 28:421-426.

Hogan JC, Lewis MJ, Henderson AH. Chronic administration of N-acetylcysteine fails to prevent nitrate tolerance in patients with stable angina pectoris. Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1990; 30:573-577.

Holdiness MR. Clinical pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine. Clinical Pharmacokinet . 1991; 20:123-134.

Horowitz JD, Henry CA, Syrjanen ML, et al. Nitroglycerine/N-acetylcysteine in the management of unstable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J . 1988; 9 Suppl A:95-100.

Iversen HK. N-acetylcysteine enhances nitroglycerin-induced headache and cranial artieral response. Clin Pharmacol Ther . 1992; 52:125-133.

Jones AL, Jarvie DR, Simpson D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine are altered in patients with chronic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1997; 11:787-791.

Kelebic T, Kinter A, Poli G, et al. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected monocyte cells by glutathione, glutathione ester, and N-acetylcysteine. Proc Natl Accd Sci . 1991; 88:986-990.

Louwerse ES, Weverling GJ, Bossuyt PM, et al. Randomized double-blind controlled trial of acetylcysteine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol . 1995; 52:559-564.

Mani TGK, et al. Adverse reactions to acetylcysteine and effects of overdose. Br Med J . 1984; 289:217-219.

Marchetti G, Lodola E, Licciardello L, Colombo A. Use of N-acetylcysteine in the management of coronary artery diseases. Cardiologia. 1999; 44:633-637.

Martinez M, Hernandez AI, Martinez N. N-acetylcysteine delays age-associated memory impairment in mice: role in synaptic mitochondric. Brain Res . 2000; 855:100-106.

Molnar Z, Schearer E, Lowe D. N-acetylcysteine treatment to prevent the progression of multisystem organ failure: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med . 1999; 27:1100-1104.

Montanini S, Sinardi D, Pratico C, et al. Use of acetylcysteine as the life-saving antidote in Amanita phalloides (death cap) poisoning. Case report on 11 patients. Arzneimittel-forschung . 1999; 49:1044-1047.

Oikawa S, Yamada K, Yamashita N, et al. N-acetylcysteine, a cancer chemopreventive agent, causes oxidative damage to cellular and isolated DNA. Carcinogenesis . 1999; 20:1485-1490.

Ortolani O, Conti A, De Gaudio AR, et al. Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine and rutin on the lipid peroxidation of the lung epithelium during the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Shock . 2000; 13:14-18.

Pela R, Calcagni AM, Subiaco S, et al. N-acetylcysteine reduces the exacerbation rate in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Respiration . 1999; 66:495-500.

Roederer M, Staal FJT, Raju PA, et al. Cytoline-stimulated human immunodeficiency virus replication is inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Proc Natl Accd Sci . 1990; 87:4884-4888.

Sala R, Moriggi E, Corvasce G, Morelli D. Protection by N-acetylcysteine against pulmonary endothelial cell damage induced by oxidant damage. Eur Respir J . 1993; 6:440-446.

Unverferth DV, Jagadeesh JM, Unverferth BJ, et al. Attempt to prevent doxorubicin-induced acute human myocardial morphologic damage with acetylcysteine. J Natl Canc Inst . 1983; 71:917-920.

NADH

Bushehri N, Jarrell ST , Lieberman S, et al. Oral reduced B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) affects blood pressure, lipid peroxidation, and lipid profile in hypertensive rats (SHR). Geriatr Nephrol Urol . 1998; 8:95-100.

Dizdar N, Kagedal B, Lindvall B. Treatment of Parkinson's disease with NADH. Acta Neurol Scand . 1994; 90:345-347.

Forsyth LM, Preuss HG, MacDowell AL, et al. Therapeutic effects of oral NADH on the symptoms of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol . 1999; 82:185-191.

Kuhn W, Muller T, Winkel R, et al. Parenteral application of NADH in Parkinson's disease: clinical improvement partially due to stimulation of endogenous levodopa biosynthesis. J Neural Transm . 1996; 103:1187-1193.

Swerdlow RH. Is NADH effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease? Drugs Aging . 1998; 13:263-268.

Swerdlow RH, Parks JK, Miller SW, et al. Origin and functional consequences of the complex I defect in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol . 1996; 40:663-671.

OMEGA 3 - Fischöl

Adler AJ, Holub BJ. Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 65:445-450.

Appel LJ, Miller ER III, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK. Does supplementation of diet with "fish oil' reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153:1429-1438.

Ariza-Ariza R, Mestanza-Peralta M, Cardiel MH. Omega-3 fatty acid in rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1998; 27:366-370.

Belluzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:1557-1560.

Connor WE, Prince MJ, Ullman D, et al. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose control. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1993; 683: 337-340.

Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, et al. n-3 Fatty acids specifically modulate catabolic factors involved in articular cartilage degradation. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275:721-724.

Donadia Jr, JV, Bergstralh MS, Offard MS, et al. A controlled trial of fish oil in Iga nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331:1194-1199.

GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 1999; 354:447-455.

Gapinski JP, VanRuiswyk JV, Heudebert GR, Schectman GS. Preventing restenosis with fish oils following coronary angioplasty: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153:1595-1601.

Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen J-B, Nordoy A. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acids in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66:649-659.

Harris WS. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review. J Lipid Res. 1989; 30:785-807.

Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo HGJ, Donker JM, et al. Effect of dietary fish oil on renal function and rejection in cyclosporine-treated recipients of renal transplants. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329:769-763.

Kim H-J, Takahashi M, Ezaki O. Fish oil feeding decreases mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) by down-regulation of SREBP-1c mRNA in mouse liver. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274:25892-25898.

Kremer JM. n-3 Fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71:349s-351s.

McManus RM, Jumpson J, Finegood DT, et al. A comparison of the effects of n-3 fatty acids from linseed oil and fish oil in well-controlled type II diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1996; 9:463-467.

Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999; 56:407- 412.

Toft I, Bonaa KH, Ingebresten OC, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123:911-918.

Von Schacky C, Angerer P, Kothny W, et al. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130:554-562.

OPC TRAUBENKERNEXTRAKT GRAPE SEED EXTRACT

Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, and Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:7915-1922

Bito T, Roy S, Sen CK, Packer L. Pine bark extract pycnogenol downregulates IFN-gamma-induced adhesion of T cells to human keratinocytes by inhibiting inducible ICAM-1 expression. Free Rad Biol Med. 2000; 28:219-227.

Delacrois P. Double-blind study of endotelon in chronic venous insufficiency. La Revue de Medecine 1981;27:28-31

Heimann SW. Pycnogenol for ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999; 38:357-358.

Huynh HT, Teel RW. Effects of pycnogenol on the microsomal metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK as a function of age. Cancer Lett. 1998; 132:135-139.

Jonadet M, et al. Flavonoids extracted from Ribes nigrum L. and Alchemilla vulgaris L.: 1. In vitro inhibitory activities on elastase, trypsin and chymotrypsin. 2. Angioprotective activities compared in vivo. Journal de Pharmacologie 1986;17:21-27

Kakegawa H, Matsumoto H, Endo K, et al. Inhibitory effects of tannins on hyaluronidase activation and on the degranulation from rat mesentery mast cells. Chem Pharm Bull 1985;33(11):5079-5082 7. Bombardelli E and Morazzoni P. Vitis vinifera L. Fitoterapia 1995;LXVI(4):291-317

Lagrue G, et al. A study of the effects of procyanidol oligomers on capillary resistance in hypertension and in certain nephropathies. Semaine des Hopitaux 1981;57:33-36

Liu FJ, Zhang YX, Lau BH. Pycnogenol enhances immune and haemopoietic functions in senescence-accelerated mice. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998; 54:1168-1172.

Maffei F, Facino R, Carinin M, et al. Free radicals scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective action. Arzn Forsch 1994;44(5):592- 601

Mitcheva M, Astroug H, Drenska D, et al. Biochemical and morphological studies on the effects of anthocyans and vitamin E on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury. Cell Mol Bio 1993;39(4):443-8

Packer LK, Rimbach G, Virgili F. Antioxidant activity and biological propertes of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 27:704-724.

Putter M, Grotemeyer KH, Wurthwein G, et al. Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and pycnogenol. Thromb Res. 1999; 95:155-161

Rice-Evans CA and Miller NJ. Antioxidant activities of flavonoids as bioactive components of food. Biochem Soc Trans 1996;24:790-795.

Tixier J, et al. Evidence by in vivo and in vitro studies that binding of pycnogenols to elastin affects its rate of degradation by elastases. Biochem Pharm 1984;33:3933-3939

Wegrowski J, et al. The effect of procyanidolic oligomers on the composition of normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbit aortas. Biochem Pharm 1984;33:3491-3497

Zafirov D, et al. Antiexudative and capillaritonic effects of procyanidines isolated from grape seeds (V. vinifera). Acta Phys Pharm Bulg 1990;16(3):50-54

PAPAYA ZYME PLUS

Anthony H, Collins CE, Davidson G, et al. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in cystic fibrosis: Australian guidelines. J Pediatr—Child Health. 1999; 35:125-129.

Billigmann P. [Enzyme therapy—an alternative in treatment of herpes zoster. A controlled study of 192 patients]. [Article in German]. Fortschr Med. 1995; 113:43-48.

Bock U, Kolac C, Borchard G, et al. Transport of proteolytic enzymes across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Pharm Res . 1998; 15:1393-1400.

Coenen TMM, Bertens AMC, De Hoog SCM, Verspeek-Rip CM. Safety evaluation of a lactase enzyme preparation derived from Kluyveromyces lactis. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000; 38:671-677.

de Smet PA, Pegt GW, Meyboom RH. [Acute circulatory shock following administration of the non-regular enzyme preparation Wobe-Mugos]. [Article in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1991; 135:2341-2344.

Dominguez-Munoz JE, Birckelbach U, Glassbrenner B, et al. Effect of oral pancreatic enzyme administration on digestive function in healthy subjects: comparison between two enzyme preparations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997; 11:403-408.

Eckert K, Grabowska E, Stange R, et al. Effects of oral bromelain administration on the impaired immunocytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from mammary tumor patients. Oncol Rep. 1999; 6:1191-1199.

Farkas G, Takacs T, Baradnay G, Szasz Z. [Effect of pancreatin replacement on pancreatic function in the postoperative period after pancreatic surgery]. [Article in Hungarian]. Orv Hetil. 1999; 140:2751-2754.

Greenberger NJ . Enzymatic therapy in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastrenterol Clin North Am. 1999; 28:687-693.

Kaul R, Mishra BK, Sutrador P, et al. The role of Wobe-Mugos in reducing acute sequelae of radiation in head and neck cancers—a clinical phase-III randomized trial. Indian J Cancer. 1999; 36:141-148.

Kiessling WR. [Anaphylactic reaction in enzyme therapy of multiple sclerosis]. [Article in German]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1987; 55:385-386.

Klein G, Kullich W. [Reducing pain by oral enzyme therapy in rheumatic diseases]. [Article in German]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999; 149:577-580.

Rowan AD, Buttle DJ, Barrett AJ. The cysteine proteinases of the pineapple plant. Biochem J. 1990; 266:869-875.

Stauder G, Ransberger K, Streichhan P, et al. The use of hydrolytic enzymes as adjuvant therapy in AIDS/ARC/LAS patients. Biomed Pharmacother . 1988; 42:31-34.

Steffen C, Menzel J. [Enzyme breakdown of immune complexes]. [Article in German]. Z Rheumatol. 1983; 42:249-255.

Steffen C, Smolen J, Miehlke K, et al. [Enzyme therapy in comparison with immune complex determinations in chronic polyarthritis]. [Article in German]. Z Rheumatol . 1985; 44:51-56.

Wald M, Olejár T, Pouková P, Zadinova M. Proteinases reduce metastatic dissemination and increase survival time in C57B16 mice with the Lewis lung carcinoma. Life Sciences . 1998; 63:PL237-243.

Wald M, Závadová E, Pouková P, et al. Polyenzyme preparation Wobe-Mugos inhibits growth of solid tumors and development of experimental metastases in mice. Life Sciences. 1998; 62:PL43-48.

Wolf M, Ransberger K. [Effect of proteolytic enzymes on the reciprocal growth modification of normal and tumor tissues]. [Article in German]. Arch Geschwultstforsch . 1968; 31:317-331

PRIMROSEOIL NACHTKERZENÖL

Belch JJF, Hill A. Evening primrose oil and borage oil in rheumatologic conditions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(suppl):352S-355S.

Holman CP, Bell AFJ. A trial of evening primrose oil in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. J Orthomol Psychiatry. 1983; 12; 302-304.

Huang Y-S, Mills DE, eds. Gamma-linolenic Acid: Metabolism and its Roles in Nutrition. Champaign IL: American Oil Chemists Society Press; 1996.

Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson, JD. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. London: The Pharmaceutical Press; 1996, pp110-113.

Vaddahi KS. The use of gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid to differentiate between temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Med. 1981; 6:375-379

RESVERATROL

Bowers JL, Tyulmenkov VV, Jernigan SC, Klinge CM. Resveratrol acts as a mixed agonist/antagonist for estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology . 2000; 141:3657-3667.

Burkitt MJ, Duncan J. Effects of trans -resveratrol on copper-dependent hydroxyl-radical formation and DNA damage: Evidence for hydroxyl-radical scavenging and a novel. Glutathione-sparing mechanism of action. Arch Biochem Biophys . 2000; 381:253-263.

Cao G, Prior RL. Red wine in moderation: Potential health benefits independent of alcohol. Nutr Clin Care . 2000; 3:76-82.

Chun YJ, Kim MY, Guengerich FP. Resveratrol is a selective human cytochrome P450 1A1 inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1999; 262:20-24.

Cichewicz RH, Kouzi SA, Hamann MT. Dimerization of resveratrol by the grapevine pathogen. Botrytis cinerea . J Natl Prod . 2000; 63:29-33.

Ciolino HP, Yeh GC. Inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon-induced cytochrome P450 1A1 enzyme activity and CYP1A1 expression by resveratrol. Mol Pharmacol . 1999; 56:760-767.

Doherty JJ, Fu MM, Stiffer BS, et al. Resveratrol inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication. Antiviral Res . 1999; 43:145-155.

Dubash BD, Zheng BL, Kim CH, et al. Inhibitory effect of resveratrol and related compounds on the macromolecular synthesis in HL-60 cells and the metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by mouse liver microsomes. In: Shahidi F, Ho C-T, eds. Phytochemicals and Phytopharmaceuticals . Champaign, IL: AOCS Press; 2000:314-320.

Fontecave M, Lepoivre M, Elleingand E, et al. Resveratrol, a remarkable inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. FEBS Lett . 1998; 421:277-279.

Frémont L. Biological effects of resveratrol. Life Sci . 2000; 66:663-673.

Frémont L, Belguendouz L, Delpal S. Antioxidant activity of resveratrol and alcohol-free wine polyphenols related to LDL oxidation and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Life Sci . 1999; 64:2511-2521.

Gehm BD, McAndrews JM, Chien P-Y, Jameson JL. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, is an agonist for the estrogen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1997; 94:14138-14143.

Holmes-McNary M, Baldwin AS Jr. Chemopreventive properties of trans-resveratrol are associated with inhibition of activation of the IkappaB kinase. Cancer Res . 2000; 60:3477-3483.

Hsieh TC, Juan G, Darzynkiewicz Z, Wu JM. Resveratrol increases nitric oxide synthase, induces accumulation of p53 and p21 (WAF1/CIP1), and suppresses cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell proliferation by perturbing progression through S and G2. Cancer Res . 1999; 59:2596-2601.

Hung L-M, Chen J-K, Huang S-S, et al. Cardioprotective effect of resveratrol, a natural antioxidant derived from grapes. Cardiovascular Res . 2000; 47:549-555.

Jang M, Cai L, Udeani GO, et al. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science . 1997; 275:218-220.

Jang M, Pezzuto JM. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol. Drugs Exp Clin Res . 1999; 25:65-77.

Kirk RI, Deitch JA, Wu JM, Lerea KM. Resveratrol decreases early signaling events in washed platelets but has little effect on platelet aggregation in whole blood. Blood Cells Mol Dis . 2000; 26:144-150.

Martinez J, Moreno JJ. Effect of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, on reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin production. Biochem Pharmacol . 2000; 59:865-870.

Nielsen M, Ruch RJ, Vang O. Resveratrol reverses tumor-promoter-induced inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2000; 275:804-809.

Pace-Asciak CR, Hahn S, Diamandis EP, et al. The red wine phenolics trans-resveratrol and quercetin block human platelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: implications for protection against coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta . 1995; 235:207-219.

Paul B, Masih I, Deopujari J, Charpentier C. Occurrence of resveratrol and pterostilbene in age-old darakchasava, an ayurvedic medicine from India. J Ethnopharmacol . 1999; 68:71-76.

Pinto MC, García-Barrado JA, Macías P. Resveratrol is a potent inhibitor of the dioxygenase activity of lipoxygenase. J Agric Food Chem . 1999; 47:4842-4846.

Ray PS, Maulik G, Cordis GA , et al. The red wine antioxidant resveratrol protects isolated rat hearts from ischemia reperfusion injury. Free Rad Biol Med . 1999; 27:160-169.

Sanders TH, McMichael RW Jr, Hendrix KW. Occurrence of resveratrol in edible peanuts. J Agric Food Chem . 2000; 48:1243-1246.

Schneider Y, Vincent F, Duranton B, et al. Anti-proliferative effect of resveratrol, a natural component of grapes and wine, on human colonic cancer cells. Cancer Lett . 2000; 158:85-91.

Soleas GJ, Diamandis EP, Goldberg DM. Resveratrol: A molecule whose time has come? And gone? Clin Biochem . 1997; 30:91-113.

Stewart JR, Christman KL, O'Brian CA. Effects of resveratrol on the autophosphorylation of phorbol ester-responsive protein kinases. Biochem Pharmacol . 2000; 60:1355-1359.

Subbaramaiah K, Chung WJ, Michaluart P, et al. Resveratrol inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription and activity in phorbol ester-treated human mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem . 1998; 273:21875-21882.

Subbaramaiah K, Michaluart P, Chung WJ, et al. Resveratrol inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription in human mammary epithelial cells. Ann NY Acad Sci . 2000; 889:214-223.

Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin . Berlin : Springer-Verlag; 1992; 787-791.

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Tomera JF. Current knowledge of the health benefits and disadvantages of wine consumption. Trends Food Sci Technol . 1999; 10:129-138.

Tsai SH, Lin-Shiau SY, Lin JK. Suppression of nitric oxide synthase and the down-regulation of the activation of NFkappaB in macrophages by resveratrol. Br J Pharmacol . 1999; 126:673-680.

Zou J, Huang Y, Chen Q, et al. Suppression of mitogenesis and regulation of cell cycle traverse by resveratrol in cultured smooth muscle cells. Int J Oncol . 1999; 15:647-651.

SELEN

Alaejos MS, Romero FJD, Romero CD. Selenium and cancer: some nutritional aspects. Nutrition. 2000; 16:376-383.

Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ. Selenium in the immune system. J Nutr 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1457S-9S.

Beck MA, Shi Q, Morris VC, Levander OA. Rapid genomic evolution of a non-virulent Coxsackievirus B3 in selenium-deficient mice results in selection of identical virulent strains. Nature Med. 1995; 5:433-436.

Berry MJ, Banu L, Larsen PR. Type I iodothyronine deiodinase is a selenocysteine-containing enzyme. Nature. 1991; 349:438-440.

Burk RF, ed. Selenium in Biology and Human Health. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1994.

Burk RF, Levander OA. Selenium. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1999:265-276.

Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. JAMA. 1996; 276:1957-1963.

Colditz GA. Selenium and cancer prevention. Promising results indicate further trials required (editorial). JAMA. 1996; 276:1984-1985.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.

Duffield-Lillico AJ, Dalkin BL, Reid ME et al. Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutrtional Prevention of Cancer Trial. BJU Int 2003 May;91(7):608-12.

Dworkin BM. Selenium deficiency in HIV infection and the acquried immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Chem Biol Interact. 1994; 91:181-186.

Fleet JC. Dietary selenium repletion may reduce cancer incidence in people at high risk who live in areas with low soil selenium. Nutr Rev. 1997; 55:277-279.

Hendler SS. Micronutrition: vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. In: Newcomer VD, Young EM, eds. Geriatric Dermatology. Clinical Diagnosis and Practical Therapy. New York and Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin; 1989:365-393.

Huttunen JK. Selenium and cardiovascular diseases -- an update. Biomed Environ Sci. 1997; 10:220-226.

Ip C, Thompson HJ, Zhu HJ, Ganther HE. In vitro and in vivo studies of methylseleninic acid: evidence that a monomethylated selenium metabolite is critical for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res. 2000; 60:2882-2886.

Ip C, Zhu Z, Thompson HJ, et al. Chemoprevention of mammary cancer with Se-allylselenocysteine and other selenoaminoacids in the rat. Anticancer Res. 1999; 19(4B):2875-2880.

Ip C. Lessons from basic research in selenium and cancer prevention. J Nutr. 1998; 128:1845-1854.

Ip C. Interaction of vitamin C and selenium supplementation in the modification of mammary carcinogenesis in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986; 77:299-303.

Jiang C, Jiang W, Ip C, et al. Selenium-induced inhibition of angiogenesis in mammary cancer at chemopreventive levels of intake. Mol Carcinog. 1999; 26:213-225.

Kardinaal AF, Kok FJ, Kohlmeier L, et al. Association between toenail selenium and risk of acute myocardial infarction in European men. The EURAMIC Study. European Antioxidant Myocardial Infarction and Breast Cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 145:373-379.

Kohrle J. Thyroid hormone deiodinases - a selenoenzyme family acting as gate keepers to thyroid hormone action. Acta Med Austriaca. 1996; 23:17-30.

Low SC, Berry MJ. Knowing when not to stop: selenocysteine incorporation in eukaryotes. Trends Biochem Sci. 1996; 21:203-208.

Moreno-Reyes R, Suetens C, Mathieu F, et al. Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy in rural Tibet in relation to selenium and iodine status. N Eng J Med. 1998; 339:1112-1120.

Mukhopadhyay-Sardar S, Rana MP, Chatterjee M. Antioxidant associated chemoprevention by selenomethionine in murine tumor model. Mol Cellul Biochem. 2000; 206:17-25.

Olmsted L, Schrauzer GN, Flores-Arce M, Dowd J. Selenium supplementation of symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1989; 20:59-65.

Reilly C. Selenium: a new entrant into the functional food arena. Trends Food Sci Technol. 1998; 9:114-118.

Rudolph RE, Vaughan TL, Kristal AR et al. Serum selenium levels in relation to markers of neoplatic progression among persons with Barett`s esophagus. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 May 21;95(10):750-7.

Schrauzer GN. Selenomethionine: a review of its nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicity. J Nutr. 2000; 130:1653-1656.

Scott R, MacPherson A, Yates RWS, et al. The effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility. J Urol. 1998; 82:76-80.

Selenium Intoxication-New York. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly. 1984; Report 33, No.12:157-158.

Suadicani P, Hein HO, Gyntelberg F. Serum selenium concentration and risk of ischaemic heart disease in a prospective cohort study of 3,000 males. Atherosclerosis. 1992; 96:33-42.

Ursini F, Heim S, Kiess M, et al. Dual function of the selenoprotein PHGPx during sperm maturation. Science. 1999; 285:1393-1396.

Yang G, Wang S, Zhou R, Sun S. Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988; 37:872-881.

Yu MW, Horng IS, Hsu KH, et al. Plasma selenium levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among men with chronic virus infection. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 150:367-374.

Yu SY, Zhu YJ, Li WG. Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997; 56:117-124.

SPIRULINA

Ayehunie S, Belay A, Baba TW, Ruprecht RM. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis). J Acquir Immune Defic Synd Hum Retrovirol . 1998; 18:7-12.

Chamorro G, Salazar M, Favil L, Bourges H. [Pharmacology and toxicology of Spirulina alga.] [Article in Spanish.] Rev Invest Clin . 1996; 48:389-399.

Devi MA, Venkataraman LV. Hypocholesterolemic effect of blue-green algae Spirulina platensis in albino rats. Ann Nutr Reports Int. 1983; 28:519-530.

Hayashi T, Hayashi K. Calcium spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. 1996; 59:83-87.

Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Morita N, Kajima I. An extract from Spirulina platensis is a selective inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 penetration into HeLa cells. Phytotherapy Res. 1993; 7:76-80.

Johnson PE, Shubert LE. Accumulation of mercury and other elements by spirulina (cyanophyceae). Nutr Rep Intl . 1986; 34:1063-1071.

Kim HM, Lee EH, Cho HH, Moon YH. Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats by spirulina. Biochem Pharmacol . 1998; 55:1071-1076.

Lissi EA, Pizarro M, Aspee A, Romay C. Kinetics of phycocyanine bilin groups destruction by peroxyl radicals. Free Rad Biol Med . 2000; 28:1051-1055.

Miranda MS, Cintra RG, Barros SB, Mancini Filho J. Antioxidant activity of the microalga Spirulina maxima. Braz J Med Biol Res . 1998; 31:1075-1079.

Quereshi MA, Ali RA. Spirulina platensis exposure enhances macrophage phagocytic function in cats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol . 1996; 18:457-463.

Quereshi MA, Garlich JD, Kidd MT. Dietary Spirulina platensis enhances humoral and cell-mediated functions in chickens. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol . 1996; 18:465-476.

Romay C, Armesto J, Ramirez D, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue-green algae . Inflamm Res . 1998; 47:36-41.

Torres-Durán PV, Miranda-Zamora R, Paredes-Carbajal MC, et al. Studies on the preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on fatty liver development induced by carbon tetrachloride . J Ethnopharmacol . 1999; 64:141-147.

Watanabe F, Katsura H, Takenaka S, et al. Pseudovitamin B 12 is the predominant cobamide of an algal health food, spirulina tablets. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47:4736-4741.

Yang H-N, Lee E-H, Kim H-M. Spirulina platensis inhibits anaphylactic reaction. Life Sciences . 1997; 61:1237-1244.

TOCOTRIENOL

Elson CE. Suppression of mevalonate pathway activities by dietary isoprenoids: protective roles in cancer and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr. 1995; 125(6 Suppl):1666S-1672S.

Guthrie N, Gapor A, Chambers AF, Carroll KK. Inhibition of proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-435 and-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by palm oil tocotrienols and tamoxifen, alone and in combination. J Nutr. 1997; 127:544S-548S.

Kamat JP, Devasagayam TP. Tocotrienols from palm oil as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in rat brain mitochondria. Neurosci Lett. 1995; 195:179-182.

Kamat JP. Sarma HD, Devasagayam TPA, et al. Tocotrienols from palm oil as effective inhibitors of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997; 170:131-137.

Mc Intyre BS, Briski KP, Tirmenstein MA, et al. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on normal mouse mammary epithelial cells. Lipids. 2000; 35:171-180.

Mensink RP, van Houwelingen AC, Kromhout D, Hornstra G. A vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols had no effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, or platelet function in men with mildly elevated serum lipid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69:213-219.

Nesaretnam K, Guthrie N, Chambers AF, Carroll KK. Effects of tocotrienols on the growth of a human breast cancer cell line in culture. Lipids. 1995; 30:1139-1143.

Nesaretnam K, Stephen R, Dils R, Dabre P. Tocotrienols inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells irrespective of estrogen receptor status. Lipids. 1998; 33:461-469.

Parker RA, Pearce BC, Clark RW, et al. Tocotrienols regulate cholesterol production in mammalian cells by post-transcriptional suppression of 3-hdroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268:11230-11238.

Pearce BC, Parker RA, Deason ME, et al. Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 2. Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities of benzopyran and tertrahydronaphthalene analogues of the tocotrienols. J Med Chem. 1994; 37:526-541.

Quereshi AA, Bradlow BA, Manganello J, et al. Response of hypercholesterolemic subjects to administration of tocotrienols. Lipids. 1995; 30:1171-1177.

Quereshi AA, Pearce BC, Nor RM, et al. Dietary alpha-tocopherol on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methlyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in chickens. J Nutr. 1996; 126:389-394.

Quereshi AA, Quereshi N, Hasler-Rapacz JO, et al. Dietary tocotrienols reduce concentrations of plasma cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, thromboxane B2 and platelet factor 4 in pigs with inherited hyperlipidemica. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 53(Suppl):1042S-1046S.

Serbinova E, Khwaja S, Catudioc J, et al. Palm oil vitamin E protects against ischemia reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused Langendorff heart. Nutr Res. 1992; 12(Suppl 1):S203-S215.

Theriault A, Chao J-T, Wang Q, et al. Tocotrienol: a review of its therapeutic potential. Clinic Biochem. 1999; 32:309-319.

Theriault A, Wang Q, Gapor A, Adeli K. Effects of gamma-tocotrienol on ApoB synthesis, degradation, and secretion in Hep G2 cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19:704-712.

Tomeo AC, Geller M, Watkins TR, et al. Antioxidant effects of tocotrienols in patients with hyperlipidemia and carotid stenosis. Lipids. 1995; 30:1179-1183.

Wang Q, Theriault A, Gapor A, Adeli K. Effects of tocotrienol on the intracellular translocation and degradation of apolipoprotein B: possible involvement of a proteasome independent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998; 246:640-643.

Watkins T, Lenz P, Gapor A, et al. Gamma-tocopherol as a hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant agent in rats fed atherogenic diets. Lipids. 1993; 28:1113-1118

TURMERIC (Curcumin)

Aggarwal BB, Kumar A, Bharti AC. Anticancer potential of curcumin: preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Res 2003 Jan-Feb; 23(1A):363-98.

Antunes LMG, Araújo MCP, Darin JD'AC, Bianchi MdeLP. Effects of the antioxidants curcumin and vitamin C on cisplatin-induced clastogenesis in Wistar rat bone marrow cells. Mutat Res. 2000; 465:131-137.

Arbiser JL, Klauber N, Rohan R, et al. Curcumin is an in vivo inhibitor of angiogenesis. Mol Med. 1998; 4:376-383.

Barthelmy S, Vergnes L, Moynier M, et al. Curcumin and curcumin derivatives inhibit Tat-mediated transactivation of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat. Res Virol. 1998; 149:43-52.

Chan MM-Y. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor by curcumin, a phytochemical. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995; 49:1551-1556.

Chainani-Wu N. Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: a component of tumeric (Curcuma longa). J Altern Complement Med 2003 Feb;9(1):161-8

Hellinger JA, Cohen CJ, Dugan ME, et al. Phase I/II randomized, open-label study of oral curcumin safety, and antiviral effects on HIV-RT PCR in HIV+ individuals. Third Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Washington, DC; 1996: Abstract # 140.

Huang MT, Newmark HL, Fenkel K. Inhibitory effects of curcumin on tumorigenesis in mice. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1997; 27:26-34.

Kang BY, Song YJ, Kim KM, et al. Curcumin inhibits Th1 cytokine profile in CD4+ T cells by suppressing interleukin-12 production in macrophages. BR J Pharmacol. 1999:128:380-384.

Kawamori T, Lubet R, Steele VE, et al. Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer. Cancer Res. 1999; 59:597-601.

Khopde SM, Priyadarsini KI, Guha SN, et al. Inhibition of radiation-induced lipid peroxidation by tetrahydrocurcumin: possible mechanisms by pulse radiolysis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000; 64:503-509.

Kuo ML, Huang TS, Lin JK. Curcumin, an antioxidant and anti-tumor promoter, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996; 1317:95-100.

Mazumder A, Raghavan K, Weinstein J, et al. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase by curcumin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995; 49:1165-1170.

Mohan R, Sivak J, Ashton P, et al. Curcuminoids inhibit the angiogenic response stimulated by fibroblast growth factor-2, including expression of matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase B. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275:10405-10412.

Pan M-H, Huang T-M, Lin J-K. Biotransformation of curcumin through reduction and glucuronidation in mice. Drug Metab Disp. 1999; 27:486-494.

Pandya U, Saini MK, Jin GF, et al. Dietary curcumin prevents ocular toxicity of naphthalene in rats. Toxicol Lett. 2000; 115:195-204.

Park EJ, Jeon CH, Ko G, et al. Protective effect of curcumin in rat liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000; 52:437-440.

Ramiré z-Tortosa MC, Mesa MD, Aguilera MC, et al. Oral administration of a turmeric extract inhibits LDL oxidation and has hypocholesterolemic effects in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 147:371-378.

Sidhu GS, Mani H, Gaddipati JP, et al. Curcumin enhances wound healing in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and genetically diabetic mice. Wound Rep Reg. 1999; 7:362-374.

Squires MS, Hudson EA, Howells L; Houghton CE et al. Relevance of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphotidylinositol-3- kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/PKB) pathways to induction of apoptosis by curcumin in breast cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2003 Feb1;65(3):361-76

Venkatesan N. Pulmonary protective effects of curcumin against paraquat toxicity. Life Sci. 2000; 66:PL21-PL28.

Venkatesan N, Punithavathi D, Arumugam V. Curcumin prevents adriamycin nephrotoxicity in rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2000; 129:231-234.

Zhang F, Altorki NK, Mestre JR, et al. Curcumin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription in bile acid-and phorbol ester-treated human gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 1999; 20:445-451.

L-TYROSIN

Banderet LE, Lieberman HR. Treatment with tyrosine, a neurotransmitter precursor, reduces environmental stress in humans. Brain Res Bull. 1989; 22:759-762.

Elwes RD, Crewes H, Chesterman LP, et al. Treatment of narcolepsy with L-tyrosine: double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 1989; 2(8671):1067-1069.

Gelenberg AJ, Gibson CJ. Tyrosine for the treatment of depression. Nutr Health. 1984; 3:163-173.

Gelenberg AJ, Wojcik JD, Falk WE, et al. Tyrosine for depression: a double-blind trial. J Affect Disord. 1990; 19:125-132.

Gelenberg AJ, Wojcik JD, Gibson CJ, Wurtman RJ. Tyrosine for depression. J Psychiatr Res. 1982-83; 17:175-180.

Reimherr FW, Wender PH, Wood DR, Ward M. An open trial of L-tyrosine in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Am J Psychiatry. 1987; 144:1071-1073.

Smith ML, Hanley WB, Clarke JTR, et al. Randomised controlled trial of tyrosine supplementation on neuropsychological performance in phenylketonuria. Arch Dis Child. 1998; 78:116-121

VITAMIN C

Agus DB, Gambhir SS, Pardridge WM, et al. Vitamin C crosses the blood-brain barrier in the oxidized form through the glucose transporters. J Clin Invest. 1997; 100:2842-2848.

Antunes LMG, Darin JDC, Bianchi MDLP. Protective effects of vitamin C against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in adult rats: a dose-dependent study. Pharmacol Res. 2000; 41:405-411.

Bors W, Michel C, Schikora S. Interaction of flavonoids with ascorbate and determination of their univalent redox potentials: a pulse radiolysis study. Free Rad Biol Med. 1995; 19:45-52.

Bush MJ, Verlangieri AJ. An acute study on the relative gastro-intestinal absorption of a novel form of calcium ascorbate. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1987; 57:137-140.

Carr A, Frei B. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? FASEBJ. 1999; 13:1007-1024.

Carr AC, Tijerina T, Frei B. Vitamin C protects against and reverses specific hypochlorous acid- and chloramine-dependent modifications of low-density lipoprotein. Biochem J. 2000; 346 Pt 2:491-496.

Cooke MS, Evans MD, Podmore ID, et al. Novel repair action of vitamin C upon in vivo oxidative DNA damage. FEBS Lett. 1998; 439:363-367.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2000.

Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, et al. Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid. Lancet. 1999; 354:2048-2049.

Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Epidemiology. 1992; 3:194-202.

Fay MJ, Bush MJ, Verlangieri AJ. Effect of aldonic acids on the uptake of ascorbic acid by 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human T lymphoma cells. Gen Pharmacol. 1994; 25:1465-1469.

Fay MJ, Verlangieri AJ. Stimulatory action of calcium L-threonate on ascorbic acid uptake by a human T-lymphoma cell line. Life Sci. 1991; 49:1377-1381.

Friedman PA, Zeidel ML. Victory at C. Nature Med. 1999; 5:620-621.

Gamble J, Grewal PS, Gartside IB. Vitamin C modifies the cardiovascular and microvascular responses to cigarette smoke inhalation in man. Clin Science. 2000; 98:455-460.

Halliwell B. Vitamin C: poison, prophylactic or panacea? Trends Biochem Sci. 1999; 24:255-259.

Harakeh S, Jariwalla RJ, Pauling L. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication by ascorbate in chronically and acutely infected cells. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA. 1990; 87:7245-7249.

Harding JJ, Hassett PC, Rixon KC, et al. Sugars including erythronic and threonic acids in the human aqueous humor. Curr Eye Res. 1999; 19:131-136.

Hemila H, Douglas RM. Vitamin C and acute respiratory infections. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999; 3:756-761.

Hodison T, Socaciu C, Ropan I, Neamtu G. Carotenoid composition of Rosa canina fruits determined by thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal. 1997; 16:521-528.

Hornero-Méndez D, Minguez-Mosquera MI. Carotenoid pigments in Rosa mosqueta hips, an alternative carotenoid source for foods. J Agric Food Chem. 2000; 48:825-828.

Hwang J, Peterson H, Hodis HN, et al. Ascorbic acid enhances 17 beta-estradiol-mediated inhibition of oxidized low density lipoprotein formation. Atherosclerosis. 2000; 150:275-284.

Ip C. Interaction of vitamin C and selenium supplementation in the modification of mammary carcinogenesis in rats. J Nat Cancer Inst. 1986; 77:299-303.

Jacob RA. Vitamin C In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9^th ed. Baltimore, MD: William and Wilkins; 1999:467-483.

Jarosz M, Dzieniszewski J, Dabrowska-Ufniarz E, et al. Effects of high dose vitamin C treatment on Helicobacter pylori ingestion and total vitamin C concentration in gastric juice. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1998; 7:449-454.

Kurbacher CM, Wagner U, Kolster B, et al. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) improves the antineoplastic activity of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel in human breast carcinoma cells in vitro. Cancer Letters. 1996; 103:183-189.

Kwaselow A, Rowe M, Sears-Ewald D, Ownby D. Rose hips: a new occupational allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990; 85:704-708.

Lykkesfeldt J, Christen S, Wallock LM, et al. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary intakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71:530-536.

Markham RG. Compositions and methods for administering vitamin C. United States Patent Number 4, 822, 816. April 18, 1989.

Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, et al. High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312:137-141.

Mowat C, Carswell A, Wirz A, McColl KEL. Omeprazole and dietary nitrate independently affect levels of vitamin C and nitrite in gastric juice. Gastroenterology. 1999; 116:813-822.

Ness AR, Chee D, Elliot P. Vitamin C and blood pressure—an overview. J Hum Hypertens. 1997; 11:343-350.

Panda K, Chattopadhyay R, Ghosh MK, et al. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke induced oxidative damage of proteins and increased proteolysis. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999; 27:1064-1079.

Park JB, Levine M. Intracellular accumulation of ascorbic acid is inhibited by flavonoids via blocking of dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid uptakes in HL-60, U937 and Jurkat cells. J Nutr. 2000; 130:1297-1302.

Pauling L. Evolution and the need for ascorbic acid. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA. 1970; 67:1643-1648.

Pauling L. The significance of the evidence about ascorbic acid and the common cold. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA. 1971; 68:2678-2681.

Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE, et al. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant effects. Nature. 1998; 392:559.

Raitakari OT, Adams MR, McCredie RJ, et al. Oral vitamin C and endothelial function in smokers: short-term improvement, but no sustained beneficial effect. J Amer Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35:1616-1621.

Rehman A, Collis CS, Yang M, et al. The effects of iron and vitamin C co-supplementation on oxidative damage to DNA in healthy volunteers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998; 246:293-298.

Rivas CI, Vera JC, Guaiquil VH, et al. Increased uptake and accumulation of Vitamin C in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected hematopoietic cell lines. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272:5814-5820.

Rowe DJ, Ko S, Tom XM, et al. Enhanced production of mineralized nodules and collagenous proteins in vitro by calcium ascorbate supplemented with vitamin C metabolites. J Periodontol. 1999; 70:992-929.

Sakagami H, Satoh K, Hakeda Y, Kumegawa M. Apoptosis-inducing activity of vitamin C and vitamin K. Cell Mol Biol. 2000; 46:129-143.

Simon JA, Hudes ES. Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. J Amer Med Assoc. 1999; 281:2298-2293.

Simon JA, Hudes ES. Serum ascorbic acid and gallbladder disease prevalence among US adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160:931-936.

Skaper SD, Fabris M, Ferrari V, et al. quercetin protects cutaneous tissue-associated cell types including sensory neurons from oxidative stress induced by glutathione depletion: cooperative effects of ascorbic acid. Free Rad Biol Med. 1997; 22:669-678.

Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, et al. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by restoring nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998; 97:2222-2229.

Tsukaguchi H, Tokui T, Mackenzie B, et al. A family of mammalian Na+-dependent L-ascorbic acid transporters. Nature. 1999; 399:70-75.

Valkonen MM, Kuusi T. Vitamin C prevents the acute atherogenic effects of passive smoking. Free Rad Biol Med. 2000; 28:428-436.

Verlangieri AJ, Fay MJ, Bannon AW. Comparison of L-ascorbic acid and Ester C in the non-ascorbate synthesizing Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) rat. Life Sci. 1991; 48:2275-2281.

WangY, Mackenzie B, Tsukaguchi H, et al. Human vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) transporter SVCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000; 267:488-494.

Zhang HM, Wakisaka N, Maeda O, Yamamoto T. Vitamin C inhibits the growth of a bacterial risk factor for gastric carcinoma: Helicobacter pylori. Cancer. 1997; 80:1897-1903.

Zollinger PE, Tuinebreijer WE, Kreis RW, Breederveld RS. Effect of vitamin C on frequency of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in wrist fractures: a randomized trial. Lancet. 1999; 354:2025-2028.

VITAMIN E

Adler LA, Rotrosen J, Edson R, et al. Vitamin E treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999; 56:836-841.

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